Botany Exam 1

Front 1

When did the first (spore bearing) plants appear?

Back 1

400-425 million years ago during the Silurian period

**plants such as liverworts

Front 2

age of earth?

Back 2

4.5 billion years

Front 3

when did calamites (tree-like horsetails) and Asteroxylon (a lycopodium...like isoetes) "rule the earth"?

Back 3

390 million years ago during the Devonian period.

Front 4

when did the first trees appear?

Back 4

386 MYA in the late Devonian

Front 5

another name for the Jurassic?

Back 5

the age of the CYCADS

Front 6

when did the first angiosperms appear?

Back 6

late cretaceous (circa 90 MYA)

Front 7

what is significant about coleochaete?

Back 7

It is an ALGAE that lives in the splash zone and is a good model for HOW plants would have colonized land.

Front 8

what is significant about the liverwort "Riccia"?

Back 8

it is a model for the first land PLANT

**found in water, land and in the desert!

Front 9

Where does coleochaete live?

Back 9

in the splash zone, or the inter-tidal zone

Front 10

what algal organism is the nearest relative of land plants? ...an algae with stalks, nodes and internodes.

Back 10

chara - a charophyte

Front 11

what is the smallest flower and to which family does it belong?

Back 11

Wolffia
a duckweed- lemnaceae

Front 12

what is the world's largest flower?

Back 12

Rafflesia

a root parasite of Sumatra

Front 13

cell walls of fungi are composed of _____.

Back 13

chitin

Front 14

fungi: autotrophic or heterotrophic?

Back 14

heterotrophic

including:
saprophytes
parasites
symbionts

Front 15

what are the 3 domains of life?

Back 15

Eukartota (Eukarya)
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Archea (Archaebacteria)

Front 16

what is unique about the DNA of bacteria?

Back 16

single circular DNA "Chromosome"

Front 17

cell division in prokaryotes?

Back 17

fission

Front 18

heirarchy of Chromosomal makeup (from DNA - Chromosomes.)

Back 18

1) DNA + central histones = NUCLEOSOMES
2) groups of nucleosomes form CHROMOATIN FIBERS
3) Chromatin coils into SUPERCOIL
4) supercoil forms CHROMOSOMES

Front 19

4 Eukaryotic kindgdoms?

Back 19

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Front 20

what (4 things) distinguish Eukaryotes from other domains?

Back 20

nucleus
sexual repro/meiosis
multicellularity possible
endosymbiosis!!

Front 21

who proposed endosymbiotic theory?

Back 21

Lynn Margulis

**her paper was rejected 15 times from scientific journals!! but accepted by Journal of Theoretical Biology

Front 22

How was the endoplasmic reticulum formed?

Back 22

in-folding of plasma membrane

Front 23

How are chloroplasts and mitochondia similar to bacteria?

Back 23

size
similar INNER membrane
susceptible to antibiotics
separate circular genome
bacteria-like gene organization
bacteria-like ribosomes

Front 24

the "only individuals"?

Back 24

bacteria- WE are walking communities (Lynn Margulis)

Front 25

how many fungi described?

Back 25

70K species

could be 150K or 1.5 mill!

Front 26

all of the hyphae of a single genotype are called.....

Back 26

a MYCELIUM

Front 27

mode of digestion that uses excreted EXOENZYMES, then absorb liquefied products?

What group does this?

Back 27

ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS: THE FUNGI

Front 28

main storage carbohydrate in fungi?

Back 28

glycogen (like us!)

Front 29

substance that is excreted into the external environment so that that a fungus can absorb & digest it

Back 29

exoenzymes

Front 30

what kind of meiosis do fungi use?

Back 30

ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS
-only the ZYGOTE is DIPLOID

Front 31

2 main parts of a fungus?

Back 31

Mycelium (underground usually)
Mushroom or fruit producing structure

Front 32

a long, branching filamentous structure (the vegetative growth form) of a fungus?

Back 32

Hypha (pl: hyphae)

Front 33

Of the 5 phyla of fungi:
which is water mold?

Back 33

Chytids

Front 34

Of the 5 phyla of fungi:
which is common bread mold?

Back 34

Zygomycetes

Front 35

Of the 5 phyla of fungi:
which is a morel or cup fungi?

Back 35

Ascomyctes

Front 36

Of the 5 phyla of fungi:
which is the typical capped mushroom?

Back 36

Basidiomycetes

Front 37

Of the 5 phyla of fungi:
which is athletes foot/pennicillin/cheese making?

Back 37

Deuteromycetes

Front 38

a protist that uses spores to reproduce?

Back 38

slime molds

Front 39

what is the most ancient fungi?

Back 39

Chytrids
followed by zygomycetes, followed by ascomycetes and basidiomycetes together

*deuteromycetes are polyphyletic, so don't have a place yet!

Front 40

What kind of fungi forms a mutualistic relationship with plants, connecting it to the soil more effectively?

Back 40

Mycorrhizae
Greek: fungus roots

Front 41

explain the transition fungi made regarding flagella.

Back 41

They started with 2 in the ancestral form, lost one flagella and gained chitin cell wall in the primitive CHYTRIDS, then they lost the last flagella with their transition to land.

Front 42

Unique thing about mating in Fungi (Basidio & Asci)

Back 42

2 haploid hypha (different mating types) meet and fuse to form a dikaryotic hypha (each cell with 2 nuclei!)
No male and female!
The dikaryotic hyphae give rise to unikaryotic spores!

Front 43

Exotic invasive chitrids
(water molds) may be the cause of a decline in ____. Who's to blame?

Back 43

frogs.

Exotic pet trade! (african clawed frog and American Bullfrog are carriers)

Front 44

define chytridiomycosis.

Back 44

chytrids infect the skin of frogs and mess up the cutaneous respiration.

Front 45

What is unique about zygosporangia (of zygomycetes)? And what does it give rise to?

Back 45

The zygosporangium is 2n and heterokaryotic/dikaryotic.
It gives rise to unikaryotic and 1n spores!

Front 46

In basidia and Asci, 2 haploid hypha (different mating types) meet and fuse to form a dikaryotic hypha (each cell with 2 nuclei)...then they part ways in reproduction...How so?

Back 46

The hyphae produces a fruiting body. The 2n splits into 2 1n's, then then the split again into 4...but in ASCOMYCETES the split a 3rd time so each ascus has 8 spores!

Front 47

The stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi when the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei.

Back 47

Plasmogamy

Front 48

eaing unknown mushrooms can harm your ____or kill ya!

Back 48

liver

Front 49

pattern of mycellium's fruiting bodies?

Back 49

ring..."fairy ring"

Front 50

How many hectares is the largest organism? What's it called?

Back 50

900 hectares (3.4 sq miles)
"honey mushroom"

Front 51

mycorrhizal fungi that grow on the surface of the roots?

Back 51

ectomycorrhizae

(usually basidiomycetes,sometimes ascomyctes...form a sheath around roots)

Front 52

How can deep reaching mycorhizzal fungi help a plant?

Back 52

increase surface area by expanding root system, and support it by reaching deep during a drought

Front 53

mycorrhizae that grow inside a root?

Back 53

endomycorrhizae

Front 54

what is the relationship between mycorrhizae and plants?

Back 54

mutualism

Front 55

what is unique about blue-green algae?

Back 55

they are bacteria; CYANOBACTERIA

other algae are protists!

Front 56

one plant family that can't live without ENDOmycorrhizae?

Back 56

orchids

Front 57

what plant family NEVER has a relationship with Mycorrhizae?

Back 57

Mustards

Front 58

lichens: mutualism between a ______ and a _____.

Back 58

photobiont,
mycobiont

Front 59

who discovered the mutualistic relationship between algae and fungi in lichens?

Back 59

Beatrix Potter (the children's book author!)

*Her work was rejected by the scientific community of that time!

Front 60

soil formation is often contributed to what organism?

Back 60

lichens

**metabolic acids eat rock.

Front 61

what besides mycorrhizae fix nitrogen?

Back 61

Lichens!

Front 62

what fungi are often pionner organisms?

Back 62

lichens

Front 63

what fungi are used as bioindicators?

Back 63

lichens

Front 64

Lichens can survive in extreme environments- what are 2 benefits of this in cold or arid regions?

Back 64

animals, like caribou can survive on them for part of the year in cold regions

they can stabilize soils and prevent erosion in arid environments.

Front 65

How are lichens used in textiles?

Back 65

secondary metabolites are used in dyes!

Front 66

life cycle in which both 1n phases and 2n phases are multicellular?

Back 66

SPORIC

all plants

Front 67

life cycle in which the 1n is unicellular and the 2n is multicellular?

Back 67

GAMETIC

(animals)

Front 68

life cycle in which all stages of life are 1n, except for the zygote, which is 2n?

Back 68

ZYGOTIC

(fungi, lots of protists)

Front 69

Euglena is a non- algae protists...what is unique about it's metabolism?

Back 69

it's a phototroph when it can be, but a heterotroph if it needs to be.

Front 70

what has chlorophyll with phycobilins?

Back 70

red plants and Rhodophyta (red Algae)

Front 71

what contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll C and fucoxanthin?

Back 71

diatoms
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
brown plants

Front 72

what contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll B?

Back 72

Chlorophyta (green algae)
and green plants

Front 73

what is (like) the ancestral photosynthetic prokaryote that is found in all plants & algae?

Back 73

chlorophyll A

Front 74

what is the free living bacteria most closely related to chlorophyll B (green plants)?

Back 74

chloroxybacteria

Front 75

what is the free living bacteria most closely related to chlorophyll C (brown plants)?

Back 75

helibacteria

Front 76

what is the free living bacteria most closely related to phycobilins (red plants)?

Back 76

CYANOBACTERIA!

Front 77

only organism without mitochondria?

Back 77

giardia
(secondarily lost)

Front 78

carrageenan (a polysaccharide) come from what algae that lives in deep water?

Back 78

RHODOPHYTA (red algae)

they live deeper because they are good at absorbing blue-green light!

Front 79

What algae is instrumental in reef building?

Back 79

RHODOPHYTA (red algae)

they live deeper because they are good at absorbing blue-green light!

Front 80

what algae has 2 "different flagella" - heterokonts?

what are the 2 flagella called?

Back 80

brown algae and diatoms

1 tinsel, 1 whiplash

Front 81

what kind of algae is AGAR?

Back 81

kelp!

Front 82

3 parts of a kelp?

Back 82

blades (with floats)/or airbladder at node (pneumatocyst)
stipe (like petiole)
holdfast

Front 83

a structure in plants & fungi that functions like a root in support or absorption

Back 83

rhizoids
(mosses and liverworts)

Front 84

in lichens Hairlike growths that anchor the thallus to its substrate

Back 84

rhizine

Front 85

what is the double flagellated ancestor of plants and algae?

Back 85

mesostigma

Front 86

plants with xylem and phloem are called ...?

Back 86

tracheophytes

Front 87

plants without xylem and phloem (non-vascular), such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts?

Back 87

Bryophytes

Front 88

spores that divide via meiosis to form a tetrad of cells, thought to be the ancestors of land plants.

Back 88

Trilete spores

Front 89

what protects plants from UV rays and dehydration and was instrumental in the movement of plants to land?

Back 89

Cuticle

Front 90

different types of coleochaete that depict movement from water to land?

Back 90

filamentous species – generally deeper- epiphytic (on other plants)

thalloid species – shallow- epiphytic or epilithic (on rocks)-splash zone.

Front 91

coleochaete carbon utilization?

Back 91

an ALGAE that uses atmospheric CO@ rather than bicarbonate ion.

Front 92

first plant with archegonia and antheridia?

Back 92

coleochaete

Front 93

what kind of lifecycle does coleochaete have?

Back 93

zygotic meiosis!

Front 94

How do we think the coleochate with it's zygotic life cycle moved to land to become a land plant (something like Riccia) with sporic meiosis?

Back 94

it was a product of delayed meiosis

Front 95

the land plants, including the bryophytes and tracheophytes, are collectively called __________.

Back 95

embryophytes

Front 96

why algae are comfortable in water?

Back 96

1) most algae are not parenchymatous; they have a high surface to volume ratio for mineral diffusion
2)all parts of the body are bathed in sunlight
3)Weight is supported by water

Front 97

4 innovations plants made to transition to land?

Back 97

1. waxy cuticle (cutin) also seen in Coleochaete
2. stomata
3. special vascular cells and tissues (xylem and phloem)
4. and in some cases, woody tissue (lignin)

Front 98

A primary meristem usually* results in _______ _______.

Back 98

apical growth

so AKA apical meristems!

Front 99

A secondary meristem results in _____growth.

Back 99

lateral

**resulting in greater width (girth) of the root or stem.

Front 100

Primary plant body is made of of ____ and added to by _______.

Back 100

primary/apical meristems
secondary meristems.

**a tomato plant is all primary- little lateral growth.

Front 101

the baby leaves enclosing the primary meristems are called ___________.

Back 101

leaf primordium

Front 102

what are the two parts of lateral meristems?

Back 102

vascular cambium & cork cambium

collectively: cortex (?)

Front 103

on the tip of a apical root meristem....?

Back 103

root cap

Front 104

"baby"xylem and phloem in an apical meristem?

Back 104

procambium

Front 105

"baby" lateral meristem in an apical meristem?

Back 105

ground meristem

Front 106

"baby" dermal tissue in an apical meristem?

Back 106

protoderm

Front 107

things vacuoles can contain?

Back 107

ions, poisons, pigment, Water-soluble proteins, enzymes, and plant hormones.

Front 108

what is the storage and/or recycling center for water soluble materials?

Back 108

vacuole

Front 109

microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells

Back 109

plasmo desmata

Front 110

special name for the vacuole's phospholipid bilayer

Back 110

tonoplast

means stretching :)

Front 111

what triggers proplastids?

Back 111

sunlight!
Proplastids are baby chlorophylls and the like! Many different kinds though!

Front 112

what kind of tissue is parenchyma?

Back 112

ground tissue

Front 113

photosynthetic parenchyma (in a leaf).

Back 113

Chlorenchyma

Front 114

parenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces –gas exchange (aquatic plants).

Back 114

Aerenchyma

Front 115

Parenchyma cells that are specialized for support -irregularly thickened primary cell
walls. ALIVE AT MATURITY both cross-sectional and longitudinal support.

Back 115

Collenchyma

Front 116

Parerenchyma cells that have thick, rigid secondary cell walls – specialized for support and the hardening of structures. DEAD AT MATURITY...skeletons!

Back 116

Sclerenchyma

(sclerify = harden)

Front 117

2 types of sclerenchyma?

Back 117

sclereids
fibers

Front 118

2 kinds of fibers?

Back 118

Hard fibers: coarse -highly lignified and stiff – ropes, twin, etc.
 
Soft fibers: fine- less lignin/ more cellulose – actually stronger on a per weight basis. Flax – fine linen

Front 119

four kinds of dermal tissues?

Back 119

1- trichomes (catus glochids and cotton alike!)
2- root hairs
3- guard cells (surround stoma)
4- trigger hairs + enzyme producing trichomes ...for carnivorous plants!!

Front 120

what is a albuminous cell's function?

Back 120

regulate sieve cell activity

greek: white of an egg (?)
** (not sieve tube member!)

Front 121

what is a nectary?

Back 121

part of a plant's secretory system: gland that produces water

Front 122

where would a plant with salt glands (secretory system) be found?

Back 122

sea shore or desert

Front 123

what does a hydathode do?

Back 123

part of a plant's secretory system:
it's like a pressure relief valve that excretes excess water

Front 124

describe sieve cells.

Back 124

vasular tissue found in primitive plants like horsetails and ferms

Front 125

between sieve tube and companion cell there are many _________.

Back 125

plasmo desmata

Front 126

lactifers?

Back 126

secrete latex

Front 127

what gives the plant cell its shape?

Back 127

2! primary and secondary cell walls

Front 128

pectin layer which cements the cell walls of two adjoining cells together

Back 128

middle lamella

Front 129

the filler between endodermis and vascular tissue within a protostele?

Back 129

Pericycle

Front 130

thinner walled cells within the endodermis?

Back 130

passage cells

Front 131

the part of a meristem that is unchanging..low mitotic activity

Back 131

quiescent center

Front 132

three "zones" of growth.

Back 132

zone of cell division (tip)
zone of elongation
zone of maturation (where root hairs occur)

Front 133

diffusional space outside the plasma membrane, extracellular

Back 133

apoplast

(conversely, symplast is through plasmo desmata)

Front 134

route through plasmo desmata?

Back 134

symplast

Front 135

anatomy of a leaf with stoma and chloroplasts on both sides, as in monocots?

Back 135

Kranz anatomy

Front 136

sun or shade?
visibly thicker cuticle and thicker palisade layer

Back 136

sun

Front 137

a thorn is a modified _____.

Back 137

stem
(so paires with leaves)

Front 138

a spine is a modified ______.

Back 138

leaf
(so paired with axillary bud)

Front 139

sub-terrainian stems, such as potatoes, are called _____>

Back 139

rhizomes

Front 140

leaves rolled up like a tube to prevent dessication?

Back 140

revolute leaves

Front 141

a socket with lots of stomates and guard cells?

Back 141

stomatal crypts

Front 142

endodermal layer made of suberin (waxy)?

Back 142

casparian strip

Front 143

what are the four main plant tissue types?

Back 143

ground (parenchyma)
Dermal
Vascular
Secretory

Front 144

what color plants and algae are associated with these chlorophylls?:
1) A
2) B
3) C
4) phycobilins
5) fucoxanthin

Back 144

1)all
2) green
3) brown
4)Reds
5) Brown