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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why study organic compounds?
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we use a lot of compounds secreted by plants: ie. sugar
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molecule
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two or more atoms bound together
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compounds
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molecules bonded together
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chemical bonds
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make molecules and compounds, number of bonds possible is determined by number of valence electrons
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covalent bond
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two atoms share electrons
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polar bonds
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electrons shared unequally
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nonpolar
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electrons shared equally
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OH
CO COOH NH2 SH PO4 |
hydroxyl
carbonyl carboxyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate |
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OH
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Hydroxyl
/polar group /water soluble /called alcohols /ie. ethanol |
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CO
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Carbonyl
/carbon atom double bonded to oxygen /water soluble /in sugars |
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COOH
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Carboxyl
/oxygen double bonded to carbon double bonded to hydroxide /water soluble /acidic properties |
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NH2
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Amino
/polar /water soluble /weak base |
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SH
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Sulfhydryl
/stabilizes proteins via disulfide bridges /thiols |
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Characteristics of water
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/solvent
/high surface tension (cohesion) /solid, liquid, gas /expands when freezes |
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facilitated diffusion
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ie. ion channel
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carbs
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/most abundant organic cpd in nature
/sugar and starch with C,H,O ratio of 1:2:1 /ie. glucose / |
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starch
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/main carb reserve of plants (branched, unbranched, coiled)
/major carb source for animals /potatoes, wheat, rice /alpha 1,4 bonds between glucose /(C6H10O5)n |
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cellulose
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/ (C6H10O5)n
/3000 to 10000 unbranched, linear, main structural polymer, microfbrils /Cotton almost all cellulose also found in plant cell walls |
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chitin
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/fungal cell walls and insect exoskeltons
/polymers of nitrogenous glucose |
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lipids
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/fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water
/Fats are solid at room temperature(compact, animals) /Oil are liquid at room temperature(seeds, compact vs. starch) /Typically store twice as much energy as carbohydrates(higher portion of carbon – hydrogen bonds) /Most consist of chain with 16-18 carbon atoms /Saturated- no double bonds /Unsaturated- double bonds from carbon to carbon |
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Phospholipids
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/constructed like fats but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
/phospholipid bilayer makes up cell membrane |
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IKI
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stains starch
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Breakdown of cellulose
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acheived in animals by fungi and termites
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The "Big 4" polymers
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/carbs
/lipids /proteins /nucleic acids |
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Unsaturated
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contains double bonds
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trans-fat
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trans rotation around C double bond
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components of phospholipid
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/nonpolar tail
/polar head //amphiphatic molecule //makes up bilayers //forms mycelle in water //selectively permeable |
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POTD: Aloe vera
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simple leaf, tubular yellow flower, monocot, used for burns
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steroids
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4-C ring + lipid
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cholesterol
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/steroid
/makes membranes stiffer /plants have sigmasterol |
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waxes
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/lipids with long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
/waterproof /cuticle /wards off fungus /water-loss prevention |
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proteins
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regulate chemical reactions in cells and are usually very large and consist of one or more polypeptide chains
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polypeptide
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/chains of amino acids
/Each amino acid has two functional groups: //1. Amino group(NH2) //2. Carboxyl group(COOH) |
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9 essential amino acids that humans cannot produce:
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Lysine, tryptophan, thereonine, methiomine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, and isoleucine.
/Beans and rice = good |
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protein structure
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/Primary: aa seq
/Secondary: coiling /Tertiary: interactions of R groups /Quaternary: several polypeptides joined together |
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enzymes
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/mostly large, complex proteins that function as organic catalysts under specific conditions.
/work by lowering energy of activation temporarily bonds w/ potentially reactive molecules at a surface site |
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cells discovered in...
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1665 by robert hooke
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cell theory
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/developed in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann
/all organisms are composed of cells /chemical rxns take place within cells /contain hereditary /cells arise from other cells |
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spontaneous generation
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disproved by Virchow, 1858, and pasteur in 1862
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patch-clamp experiment
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uses a micro pipette attached to the cell membrane to allow recording from a single ion channel.
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exocytosis
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particles carried by golgi or vesicles out of cell (see fig 4-14 = mucus being released)
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Pectin
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released by fruit to soften it
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root lube
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secreted to help roots penetrate ground
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phases of signal transduction
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1. reception: signals are hormones or chemicals
2. transduction: secondary messengers 3. induction |
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endocytosis types
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1.Reception- signals are usually hormones chemicals produced by one cell type or tissue in order to regulate function else where
2.transduction- secondary massengers produce a reaction 3.induction- activation of cellular processes |
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Plasmodesmata
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/ER caught in the forming cell plate
/narrow strands of cytoplasm that interconnected the protoplasts of neighboring plant cells /Efficient way to move small particles nutrients, sugars, between cells either in bulk flow or via diffusion /size exclusion limits vary by region of cell /viruses can us by coding for movement proteins |
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symplast
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the continuum formed through plasmodesmata
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apoplast
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space outside protoplast
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cytosol
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fluid with in the cytoplasm containing organelles
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middle lamella (intracellular space)
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first produced when new cell walls are formed(mostly pectin)
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secondary cell walls
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derived from primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin
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