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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology
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study of the interrelationships among living organisms and their interactions with the environment (non-living)
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ecosystem
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COMMUNITY + ENVIRONMENT the entire complex of a community of living organisms & their interactions w/ the environment --lvl at which we study nature--functional unit in nature. Contains a biotic & abiotic component
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biotic component
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LIVING. Representatives from the five kingdoms (monera, protista, animal, plant, fungi)
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abiotic component
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NON-LIVING. Environmental factors including sunlight, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, soil nutrients, & structure
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community
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all populations of all species of organisms in an ecosystem
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Five Kingdoms of Organisms
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monera (only prokaryotic kingdom), protista, fungi, plants, animals (4 eukaryotic [true nucleus--DNA] kingdoms)
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electromagnetic spectrum
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all wavelenghts of energy. the portion of it that is VISIBLE LIGHT (480-730 nm) is essential to life on earth because autotrophs use light for photosynthesis
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monera
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prokaryotic. Contains both BACTERIA (heterotrophic, unicellular) & CYANOBACTERIA (autotrophic, unicellular & multicellular)
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protista
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contains PROTOZOA (heterotrophic, unicellular) & ALGAE (autotrophic, uni & multicellular
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fungi
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heterotrophic. Most with thread-like, microscopic filaments called hyphae
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Plants
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autotrophic, multicellular
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animals
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heterotrophic. Multicellular
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first law of thermodynamics
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1. energy is converted from one form to another--neither created nor destroyed. 2. universe tends toward disorder; disorder is always inc. moving from complex to simple. Applied to ecosys: organisms that are capale of ansorbing light energy & converting it to chemical energy (glucose)
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second law of thermodynamics
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physical world: complex state-> simple state. Living organisms: chemical subunits (disorder)->complex organization (order) LIVING ORGANISMS MUST CONTINUALLY PLUG IN ENERGY
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"all flesh is grass"
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whereever you are in the ecosys, always goes back to producers' 'energy flow diagram: producers->consumers->decomposers->nutrients for producers
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trophic levels
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producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, etc, decomposers. describes the position that an organism occupies in a food chain — what an organism eats, and what eats the organism
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energy pyramid
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there is a ninty percent loss of energy at every trophic lvl. 10% of the energy is passed on. Heat from respiration accounts for the energy loss. Many ppl in developing countries are vegetarian out of necessity. Feed a tremendus amount of plant material to animals that we raise for consumption--very wasteful.
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energy flow through an ecosystem
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ONE DIRECTION. Energy cannot be recycled; must have a continuous supply
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flow of nutrients through an ecosystem
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nutrients--chemicals are recycled constantly. CHONPS
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heterotroph
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Heterotrophs are known as CONSUMERS in food chains and obtain organic carbon by eating other heterotrophs or autotrophs. They break down complex organic compounds that are produced by autotrophs
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autotroph
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PRODUCERS. Autotrophs are fundamental to the food chains of all ecosystems in the world. They take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy-rich molecules such as carbohydrates. This mechanism is called primary production.
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photosynthesis
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CO2 +H20 ---sunlight & photosynthetic pigments--> (CH20)n + 02. The producers, or photosynthetic organisms in the community use this process
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respiration
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(CH2O)n + 02 --> CO2 + H20 + energy (ATP). Producers, all consumers, & decomposers use this process. During respiration heat is generated, & energy is lost
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6 most common elements found in living organisms
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CHONPS carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur. …FMA ;)
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IF autotrophs could only produce enough energy to keep themselves alive…
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can't practically happen. (Think six box chart) they would have no raw materials from the decomposers to work with
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food chain
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one type of organism at each trophic lvl; break one link in the chain and the chain ends.
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food web
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mny different types of organisms at each trophic lvl, therefore more stable than a food chain
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Primary Succession
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bare rock-->1,000's of years-->soil. Follows the opening of a pristine habitat (ie, after a volcano eruption)
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secondary succession
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human disturbance (agriculture, logging) --> poor depleted soil remains--> 100's of years-->ecosystem repair. PREEXISTING SOIL
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Environmental Resistance
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(ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecological processes, functions, biodiversity and productivity into the future.??) there infinite env res. (cluster btw intrinsic growth rate & actual growth rate) factors that cause a species growth rate to not explode and lvl off
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Density Dependent factors
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NOT RANDOM, are related to population size. Ie) competition for resources--soil, sunlight, water, disease
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Density Independent factors
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RANDOM, NOT related to population size. Ie) drought, flooding, forest fires, early/late frost
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allelopathy
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a biological phenomenon that is characteristic of some plants, algae, bacteria, coral and fungi by which they produce certain biochemicals that influence the growth and development of other organisms. The biochemicals, called allelochemicals can have a beneficial or detrimental effect on neighbouring organisms.
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Sigmoid Growth Curve
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S-shaped. Has a rapid growth rate which then stabilizes.
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Optimum Carrying capacity
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very happy and healthy organisms. Humans created it--think corn rows-->maximum yield. Doesn't exist in nature
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Cyclic Population Growth Curve
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m' shaped, over and over again. Ie) high point every July, low point every January. Found in certain algae blooms, annual plants, some predator-prey associations
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Ultimate Carrying Capacity
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cannot support
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organic compound groups (four)
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. All are composed at least partially of CARBON, hydrogen, & oxygen
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polysaccharide
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chains of many linked monosaccharides. The highest lvl of carbohydrate; a complex sugar.
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polypeptide
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a chain of amino acids.
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amino acid structure
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amino group of a amino acid is linked to the carboxy group of the next amino acid
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plasma membrane
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dbl layer of phosolipid & globular proteins with small carbohydrate 'trees' on exterior surface. Function: selectively permeable, transports in/out of cell. Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates are found here.
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid. carrier of genetic information. Is an example of a nucleic acid
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DNA structure
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3 pieces: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate molecule, nitrogenous base (4 types). The 3 together form an 'L' shape, which is one nucleotide. Entire molecule structure double strand--double helix. Weak hydrogen strands btw strand 'a' & strand 'b'
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Plasma Membrane from one cell to another
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secondary cell wall-->primary cell wall--> middle lamella-->primary cell wall-->secondary cell wall
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nucleus
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controls cellular activities, stores genetic information
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endoplasmic reticulum
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(is within the cytoplasm) a 3-D membrane system of indefinite extent. Function: channels chemicals within cell, communication system with cell Protein synthesis--ribosomes (Rough ER) lipid synthesis (smooth ER)
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chloroplast
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(is within the cytoplasm--a plasmid) contains chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis. Structure: stroma w thylakoids stacked in grana. Function: photosynthetic pigments--chlorophyll A & B & carotenoids bound to thylakoids; synthesize sugar as primary energy source
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mitochondrion
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Function: sites of cellular respiration. produce ATP energy carriers through breakdown of simple sugar & control cell cycle and growth.
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vacuole
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may take up most of (up to 90%) the cell volume. Membrane bound sacs filled with cell sap--mostly water, waste products. Store metabolites.
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anthocyanins
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give color--blue, purple, violet, dark red, scarlet-- to certain fruits, flowers & veggies
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chlorophylls & carotenoids
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in chloroplast, deals with photosynthesis
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chromatin
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stretched out DNA
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chromosomes
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condensed DNA
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Mitosis
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interphase-->prophase-->metaphase-->anaphase-->telophase-->cytokinesis. process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei
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interphase
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stage in mitosis-- 1. non-dividing cell 2. diploid chromosome
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prophase
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1. chromosomes have condensed, become visible as thickened strands 2. chromosomes have doubles--each chromosome is composed of two identical daughter chromotids--centromere hold chromotids together 3. nuclear membrane disintegrating
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metaphase
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1. chromosomes line up along equatorial plane 2. spindle fiber form at poles & reach equator 3. One spindle fiber from each pole attaches to centrometer of each chromosome
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anaphase
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1. daughter chromatids separate at centromeres--one member of each pair travels to opposite poles 2. once separated, chromatids are once again called chromosomes
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telophase
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no arms left--two balls 1. chromosomes localized at poles--start stretching out & become invisible 2. new nuclear membrane begins forming around each set of chromosomes 3.cell plate beings forming
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