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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants that conduct food and water through their structure, with or without seeds
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Vascular plants
or tracheophytes |
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Plants that cannot conduct food and water, or support seeds or flowers, which are usually just a few centimeters tall
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Nonvascular plants
or bryophytes |
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Plants that use flowers as their method of reproduction
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Angiosperms
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Plants that produce seeds without flowers as a reproductive methods (includes conifers and cycads)
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Gymnosperms
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Plants that only survive a singe growing season
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Annuals
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Plants that survive two growing seasons
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Biennials
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Plants that can grow year after year
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Perennials
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Signature structure of an angiosperm
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Flower
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Leaf-like structures that enclose a flower before it blooms
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Sepals
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Purpose of flower petals
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Attract insects and birds to aid in pollination
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Short branch of stem that supports the flower
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Pedicel
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Female structure in the flower
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Pistil
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Contents of the flower pistil
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Stigma
Style Ovary Ovules |
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Sticky surface on the top of a flower pistil that traps pollen grains
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Stigma
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Vase-like structure in a flower pistil that encloses the ovary
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Style
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The hollow, bulb-shaped structure in the lower interior of a flower pistil
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Ovary
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Small, round cases inside a flower, containing one or more egg cells
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Ovules
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A fertilized plant ovule
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Seed
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Products of meiosis in a flower ovule
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Egg cell
Polar nuclei |
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Male structure of a flower
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Stamen
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A four lobed structure in the stamen that contains the microspore mother cells that become pollen
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Anther
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What happens when pollen lands on a stigma and the stigma produces chemicals that make the pollen burrow into the style
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A hollow pollen tube is formed, extending to the ovary
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What produces the pollen tube in a flower style
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The tube nucleus from a pollen grain
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Role of the two sperm nuclei from a flower's pollen grain
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1 - fertilize an egg cell to make a zygote
2 - merge with the polar bodies forming the endosperm, to feed the embryo |
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Tip of a flowering plant
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Shoot apex
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A portion of a plant consisting of undifferentiated cells which carry on mitosis, producing cells for another region
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Meristem tissue
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Four components of a plant's root structure
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1. Root cap
2. Meristemic region 3. Elongation region 4. Maturation region |
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Matured plant ovary
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Fruit
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Fruits that develop from a single ripened ovary, such as apples, corn, olives, and acorns
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Simple fruits
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Fruits that develop from many separate ovaries
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Compound fruits
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Fruits that develop when many ovaries from a single flower fuse together (e.g., raspberries)
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Aggregate fruits
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Fruits that form when the ovaries of separate flowers fuse during ripening (pineapples, figs, strawberries)
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Multiple fruits
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Where food is stored in seeds
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Cotyledon
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Angiosperms that have two cotyledon in each seed
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Dicots or Dicotyledons
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Angiosperms that have only one cotyledon in each seed
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Monocots or Monocotyledons
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What a seed contains
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1. Embryonic plant
2. Stored food 3. Seed coat to protect the embryo |
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The beginning of a new set of leaves, located on the shoot apex
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Terminal bud
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The propensity of a plant to grow toward the source of sunlight
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Phototropism
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What causes plant roots to grown down into the center of the earth
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Geotropism
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The tendency of plant roots to grow in the direction of a water source
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Hydrotropism
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Plant growth in response to the proximity of solid objects (growing around them or away from them)
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Thigmatropism
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Growth factors that trigger tropisms, regulate leaves and fruit dropping, and contribute to stem strength
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Auxins
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Plant hormones that regulate cell division, stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction and leaf and fruit senescence.
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Gibberellins (GAs)
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Plant hormones that promote cell division and are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and other physiological processes.
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Cytokinins
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Plant hormones that regulate the stomata, water loss, and plant dormancy phases
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Abscisic acid (ABA)
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Plant hormone in involved in fruit ripening, female flower production, and leaf shedding
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Ethylene (or ethene)
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Trait that causes seasonal flowering and growth in plants
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Photoperiodicity
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Waxy coating on a leaf, secreted by the upper epidermal layer
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Cuticle
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Vertically-aligned cells beneath the upper epidermal on a plant leaf
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Palisade cells
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Where chloroplasts are located
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Palisade cells (primarily)
Parenchyma cells |
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Tissues within a plant's vascular bundle (veins)
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Xylem and Phloem
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Tissue in a plant that transports water
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Xylem
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Tissue in a plant that transports food
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Phloem
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Openings in the bottom of a leaf that take in or release gasses
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Stroma
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Cells that ring the stromata, regulating their opening and closing
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Guard cells
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Where gas exchange happens in a plant
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Spongy cells (Parenchyma cells)
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Water loss by a plant through evaporation
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Transpiration
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Gases exchanged in a plant's spongy cells
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Carbon dioxide and oxygen
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Difference between primary and lateral roots
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Primary roots grow down
Lateral roots grow parallel to the ground surface |
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Part of the plant that retrieves water and minerals from the soil
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Root hairs and root epidermis
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Thickness of a plant's epidermis
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One cell thick
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Plant cells that handle the uptake of minerals
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Parenchyma (spongy cells)
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Tightly connected layer of cells that filters the vascular tissue
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Endodermis
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The process that results in water being pulled through to all parts of a plant
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Cohesion-tension process
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What creates the siphoning effect that pulls water up from the roots?
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Water evaporation
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Process that moves sugars through the sieve plates that join phloem cells (and thrusts food throughout the plant)
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Osmosis
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Asexual plant reproduction by mitosis, that results in no genetic variation
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Vegetative propogation
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Plant structures specifically designed to carry on vegetative propogation
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Tubers
Rhizomes Stolens Bulbs Corms |
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Primary site of photosynthesis
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Leaves
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Locations along a plant stem where new leaves sprout
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Nodes
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Space between nodes on a stem
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Internode
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Form leaves take when they begin to develop
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Lateral buds
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Stems are mostly made up of what?
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Vascular tissue
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The name for the layers of tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf
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Mesophyll
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A unique reproductive life cycle that alternates between the haploid and diploid stages
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Alternation of generations
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Organisms that use the alternation of generations life cycle
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Plants, fungi and protists
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Another name for the diploid generation in plants
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Sporophyte
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What the reproductive organs of a sporophyte produce, through meiosis
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Gametophytes
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Gender of gametophytes
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Male or female
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Result of a sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell (haploids joining to form a diploid)
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Zygote
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What a plant zygote develops into
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An embryo within a growing seed
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Which phyla of plant uses this alternation of generations?
Leaves --> spores --> prothallus --> mature gametophyte --> sperm or egg --> zygote --> young sporophyte --> mature sporophyte --> leaves |
Ferns
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In conifers, which generation is the familiar adult of the species?
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Sporophyte (diploid) generation
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In conifers, meiosis produces haploid gametophytes of both genders from what?
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Male and female cone scales
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What happens to the male gametophytes of conifers?
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They form the male pollen grain and attach to air bladders that help them become airborne
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What does confier pollen contain?
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Sperm cells and tube cells, to fertilize an egg cell of a female scale
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What is the dominate adult generation in an angiosperm?
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The sporophyte (the flowering plant)
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What is the dominant generation in mosses?
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Haploid phase
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What is the dominant phase in ferns?
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The diploid stage
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Plant structure that resemble bulbs, but with an enlarged, solid stem for food (used by gladiolus and crocus)
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Corms
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Underground runners that develop into new plants, used by irises
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Rhizomes
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Above-ground runners that grow roots of their own, then develop into new plants (morning glory, strawberries)
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Stolons
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A molecule that absorbs the energy of visible light
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Pigment
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Leaf accessory pigments that are revealed in Fall when chlorophyll production drops
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Carotenoids (Yellow)
Anthocyanins (Red) |
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What plant cells have that animal cells do not have
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Cell wall
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The cell wall in a plant is comprised primarily of this
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Cellulose, a type of carbohydrate
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Organelles where photosynthesis takes place
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Chloroplasts
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The process of creating glucose and oxygen from water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide
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Photosynthesis
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The pigment within chloroplasts that absorbs the energy from sunlight
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Chlorophyll
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Structure of a chloroplast
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Outer & inner membrane
Fluid-filled stroma Granum (stacks of thylakoids) |
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Where are the photosynthetic pigments embedded?
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In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
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The process of "fixing" CO2 into carbohydrates such as glucose
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Carbon-fixation, Calvin-Benson Cycle, or light independent reaction
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What does the structure chlorophyll resemble?
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The heme group (which contains hemoglobin)
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What color of light does chlorophyll absorb?
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Red and blue
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An arrangement of light absorbing pigments and their reaction centers
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Photosystems
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What happens when chlorophyll molecule absorbs a photon of light?
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One electron gets excited and transfers to nearby molecules until it reaches pigment molecules in the reaction center
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What does the energy from excited electrons do during photosynthesis?
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Drives the translation of water to NADP
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Photosystem II, Cytb6f, and Photosystem I make up what?
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The electron transport chain that synthesizes NADPH and ATP
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This enzyme catalyzes both the fixation of the carbon in the first stage of the Calvin-Benson cycle and the synthesis of Oxygen to CO2 in photorespiration
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Rubisco
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In this photosynthetic cycle, carbon is oxidized, NAD is reduced, and energy is released
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TCA cycle
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In this photosynthetic cycle, carbon is reduced, NADPH is oxidized, and energy is required
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Calvin-Benson cycle
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The addition of CO₂ to organic molecules
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Carbon assimilation
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Stages of the Calvin-Benson cycle
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Fixation
Reduction Regeneration of CO₂ acceptor |
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In photosynthesis, the process of ________ stores energy, while the process of ________ wastes energy
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Carbon fixing stores energy
Photorespiration wastes energy |
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Instead of the Calvin-Benson cycle, C4 plants use the ____ cycle
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C4
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The path water takes when moving up from the roots in a vascular plant
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xylem --> mesophyll --> stomata
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While considered plants by many people, these are actually in a different kingdom and are incapable of photosynthesis
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Fungi
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Mosses and lichen are also referred to as __________
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Brophytes
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Which type of organelle is not found in plant cells?
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Centrioles
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What molecule is the electron carrier for photosynthesis?
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NADPH (P as in photosynthesis)
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What part of an angiosperm produces pollen?
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Anther
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What gas do fruits release to stimulate ripening?
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Ethylene gas
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A decrease in carbon dioxide around plants triggers a decrease in what?
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The output of the Calvin cycle
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A straight tapering root that grows vertically down, forming a center from which other roots sprout
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Taproot
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A network of fine roots with no central dominant root
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Fibrous root system
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