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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the three groups that make up the bryophytes?
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liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
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what are the three characteristics that make up the bryophytes?
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multicellular embryo in archegonium, sporangium, anteridium
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the anteridium of bryophytes is surrounded by what?
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sterile jacket layer
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the anteridium of bryophytes is full of what type of tissue?
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spermatogenous
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the antheridium of bryophtes is connected to the plant by what?
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a stalk
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do bryophytes require water for sperm?
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yes
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does bryophytes have true vascular tissue?
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no
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do bryophytes have roots?
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no
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do bryophytes have true leave?
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no
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do bryophytes have true stems?
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no
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do bryophytes have pores that function as stoma?
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yes
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what three things make up the archegonium of bryophytes?
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stalk, egg, and neck canal
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what connects the archegonium of a bryophyte to the plant?
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stalk
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what is enclosed in the archegonium of a bryophyte?
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egg
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what do sperm swim down on the archegonium of bryophytes?
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neck
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what phylum are hornworts?
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anthocerophyta
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what phylum are liverworts?
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hepatophyta
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what phylum are mosses?
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bryophyta
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are bryophytes a natural group?
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no; not all of the descendants are the same.
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does the phylum lycopodiophyta have megaphylls or microphylls?
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microphylls
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is the phylum lycopodiophyta homosporous, heterosporous, or both?
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both
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what are microphylls?
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single, solid vascular strands with no leaf gaps; similar to leaves but not quite the same
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what are microphylls thought to have evolved from?
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enations
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what is a megaphyll?
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a true leaf with branched veins and leaf gaps
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what are megaphylls thought to have evolved from?
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a flattened branch system
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what does it mean to be homosporous?
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same size, same kind
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what does it mean to be heterosporous?
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differing spores, differing sporangia
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what do mega/microsporangia do?
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push to make male and female sex cells and organs
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what do microspores become?
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microgametophytes (anteridia and sperm)
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what do megaspores become?
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megagametophytes (archegonia and egg)
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what phylum are selginella?
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spike mosses
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are spike mosses heterosporous, homosporous, or both?
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heterosporous
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what generation is dominant in selginella (spike mosses)?
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sporophyte
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what is the ploidy of the sporophyte generation?
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2N
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what is the phylum of ferns?
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pteridophyta
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do ferns have megaphylls or microphylls?
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megaphylls
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what is the telome theory?
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dichotomous branching, overtopping planation, and webbing
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what is overtopping?
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imperfect, smaller branching
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what is planation?
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flattening out
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eusporangiate ferns have many/few spores.
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many brown spots on the bottom of leaves
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leptosporangiate ferns have many/few spores
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few, large spores
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what tissue is unique to leptosporangiate ferns?
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the annulus
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what does the annulus do?
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protects the spores of leptosporangiate ferns; splits open when dry
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what is a cluster of sporangia called?
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sorus
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what is an indusium?
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a flap covering a sorus (cluster of sporangia)
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all of the ferns that are heterosporous are all --- ferns.
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water
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ferns (besides water ferns) are heterosporous, homosporous, or both?
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homosporous
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which generation is dominant in ferns?
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sporophyte
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do the sporophyte and the gametophyte of the fern live separately?
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yes
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which process in bryophytes creates spores from the sporophyte?
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meiosis
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what type of tissue generally makes up liverworts (hepataphyta)?
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thallus
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what is the asexual organ of liverworts (heptaphyta)?
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gemmae cups
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what generation is dominant in liverworts (hepatophyta)?
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gametophyte
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what is the ploidy of the gametophyte generation?
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N
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do liverworts have pores that function as stoma?
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yes
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what do liverworts look like?
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umbrellas and bounce plates
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what type of tissue makes up hornworts (anthocerophyta)?
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thalloid
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which generation is dominant in hornworts (anthocerophyta)?
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gametophyte
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do hornworts have stoma?
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yes
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do hornworts have a vascular system?
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no
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what do hornworts look like?
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spikes coming out of a horseshoe
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what are the three types of mosses?
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true, peat, and granite
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what are 'true mosses' like?
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hairy
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where are peat mosses found?
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bogs
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what is the determining factor between the three types of mosses?
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sporangium
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do mosses need water for sperm?
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yes
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are mosses tolerant to dry conditions?
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yes
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do mosses have some branching?
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yes
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do mosses have a vascular system?
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no
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in leu of a vascular system, what do mosses have?
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a conducting strand
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what two tissue types make up the conducting tissue of mosses?
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hydroid and leptoid
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what allows some mosses to grow tall?
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conducting strands
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what stage of the moss life cycle is known as the 'protenema stage'?
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spores germinate to form the gametophyte
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what cellular process produces the sperm and egg of mosses?
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mitosis
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what cellular process produced the spores in mosses?
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meiosis
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what controls how open/closed the gametangia of mosses are?
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humidity
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what is unique to peat moss?
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the thickening of dead, sponge-like cells; acidic
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what stage of the moss life cycle is known as the 'protenema stage'?
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spores germinate to form the gametophyte
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what cellular process produces the sperm and egg of mosses?
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mitosis
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what cellular process produced the spores in mosses?
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meiosis
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what controls how open/closed the gametangia of mosses are?
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humidity
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what is unique to peat moss?
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the thickening of dead, sponge-like cells; acidic
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what stage of the moss life cycle is known as the 'protenema stage'?
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spores germinate to form the gametophyte
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what cellular process produces the sperm and egg of mosses?
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mitosis
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what cellular process produced the spores in mosses?
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meiosis
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what controls how open/closed the gametangia of mosses are?
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humidity
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what is unique to peat moss?
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the thickening of dead, sponge-like cells; acidic
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do lycophytes have vascular tissue?
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yes
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what gave lycophytes a competitive edge in evolution?
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the ability to grow tall due to vascular tissue
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lycophytes have which structural element in the walls of their xylem?
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lignin
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do lycophytes have stems?
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yes
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do lycophytes have roots?
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yes
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which generation is dominant is lycophytes?
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sporophyte
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what plant is thought to have been the ancestor of lycophytes?
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cooksonia
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which group of lycophytes is homosporous?
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club mosses
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which group of lycophytes is heterosporous?
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spike mosses
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what are the only three groups of lycophytes still existing today?
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club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
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do whisk ferns have leaves?
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no
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do whisk ferns have roots?
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no
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where are the sporangia located on whisk ferns?
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little bulbs at the tips of the branches
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what is interesting about the stems of horsetails?
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they are hollow with a silica epidermis
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in heterospory, sex cells are contained within the -- cell walls.
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spore
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what is seed habit?
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packaging everything together
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what three things make up gymnosperm pollen?
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1. microspores
2. microgametophytes 3. anteridia (sperm |
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what three things make up gymnosperm seed?
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1. megasporangium
2. megaspore (egg) 3. megagemetophyte (archegonia) |
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what are the four functions of roots?
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1. anchorage
2. absorption 3. storage 4. conduction |
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what are the two types of roots?
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taproots and fibrous roots
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what are the 3 horizons of soil?
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1. topsoil
2. subsoil 3. soil base bedrock |
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what makes up topsoil?
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humus- organic material
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what makes up subsoil?
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less broken down rock
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what makes up soil base?
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even rockier soil
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what influences the rate of soil weathering?
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climate
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how many essential nutrients are there?
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17
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how many essential nutrients are macro?
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9
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which three elements make up 96% of plant dry mass?
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C, H, O
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what does magnesium do for plants?
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central component in chlorophyll
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what do calcium and potassium do for plants?
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open guard cells; Ca=messenger, K=osmotic potential
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If a nutrient is mobile, where does it first show deficiency?
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old leaves
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what do mobile nutrients move in?
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phloem
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what is phytoremediation?
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plants' ability to remove stuff from soil used to benefit humans
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what do prop (brace) roots do?
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anchor the plant against the elements
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what are pneumatophores?
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finger-like projections that perform gas exchange while underwater
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what are epiphytes?
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aerial roots that live from canopy soil in a simbiotic relationship with trees or other platns
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what is a benefit of carnivory?
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provides N in low N environments resulting from high a high pH
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what are hyper accumulators?
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plants that take up a lot of one particular substance
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is phosphorous taken up directly by plants?
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yes
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what form of N do plants use?
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nitrates and ammonium
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what form nitrates (NO3-) ?
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nitrofying bacteria
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why does soil hold nutrients?
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it is negatively charged
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what do roots exchange for nutrients?
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H+
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why do nitrates leech easily?
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they are negatively charged (picked up by water, not soil)
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what is the rhizosphere?
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the area directly surrounding roots living off of root secretions
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what percent of photosynthetic output ends up in the rhizosphere?
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20
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what causes root hairs to beneficially curl?
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bacteria causing "infection"
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what are bacteriod?
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nodule forms enclosing bacteria and connecting them to the vascular cylinder of roots
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what are corms?
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modified underground stems
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what are bulbs?
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modified stems and leaves
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what are tubers?
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modified stems
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what is the reaction nitrogen fixing bacteria preform?
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N2 --> NH3
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what is a seed in angiosperms?
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fertilized ovule
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what does an ovule look like?
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field goal posts
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in angiosperms, what is the only function of the gametophyte generation?
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egg and sperm production (mitosis)
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what are the four largest groups of angiosperms?
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1. orchids
2. sunflowers 3. legumes 4. grass |
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what to the xylem of angiosperms have?
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tracheids and vessels
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what is unique about the fertilzation of angiosperms?
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it's double to form the endosperm
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do angiosperms have archegonia?
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no
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are angiosperms' sperm mobile?
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no
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what is another term for ovary?
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carpel
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vessels for what kind of wood?
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hardwoods
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what is the main purpose of flowers?
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advertisement
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flowers have --- reproductive shoots.
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determinant
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how many whorls do flowers typically have?
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4
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what is the stamen?
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microsporophyll containing 4 sporangia
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what is the carpel?
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megasporophyll enclosing the ovule
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what is thought to be the ancestor of angiosperms?
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unknown; archafructus is possible
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what four things make up the carpel/pistil?
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ovules, ovary, stigma, and style
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what two things make up the stamen?
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anther and filament
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what is the name of all three sepals?
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calyx
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what is the name of all the petals?
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corolla
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what is the name of the corolla and calyx together?
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perianth
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what is the name of all of the stamens?
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andrecium
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what is the name of all of the pistils/carpels?
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gynocium
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perfection is determined by --.
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sex
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completion is determined by --.
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whorls
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how many nuclei does pollen have?
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3
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what two cells make up pollen?
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tube cell and generative (which then forms 2 sperm cells)
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how many ovules are in an angiosperm's megagametophyte?
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6
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how many nuclei are in the angiosperm megagametaphyte?
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8
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which cellular process does the megaspore mother cell undergo?
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meiosis
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what is gnetophyta like?
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tropical, broad, flat leaves and naked ovules
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what type of climate is ephedra adapted to?
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dry
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what is welwitchia like?
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two big leaves growing, can live 100 years, woody center produces cones
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what do the integuments of conifers become?
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seed coat
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what does the ovule of conifers become after fertilization?
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seed
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what is another name for cone?
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strobilus
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how many years can it take for a female cone to fully develop?
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3
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what type of lifecycle are male cones on?
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annual
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the 2N microspore mother cell of conifers undergoes --- to produce 4 N cells, or pollen cells.
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meiosis
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what happens in year 1 of a cone?
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it opens up and lets pollen in
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what happens in year 2 of a cone?
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it closes with pollen in it.
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what happens in year 3 of a cone?
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seed forms, cone drops
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in seed formation, the zygote divides to form an embryo which feeds off the the surrounding female --- to form the apical meristem.
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gametophyte
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what is an asterid?
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petals fused into a tube
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what is a rosid?
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no fusion of petals
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what two factors influence vegetation in WI?
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fire and climate
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what is a 'tension zone'?
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a band of differing forest types
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what did JT Curtis do?
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mapped the WI tension zone
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