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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A and G are purines/pyrimadines.
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purines
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C and T are purines/pyrimidines
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pyrimidines
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DNA runs from -- prime -- prime
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5 to 3
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What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
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chromosomes condense
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what happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
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organelles increase in number
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What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle?
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2 sets of chromosomes are present; the cell divides
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what happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?
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DNA replication
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what is tRNA?
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agent of translation that matches a codon with mRNA
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what is the site of translation?
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ribosomes
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what order and what are the three sites on a ribosome that proteins are made?
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A P E... APE!
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In translation initiation, ribosomes form around ---.
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mRNA
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what is cotranslational transport?
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proteins needed in the endomembrane system are made in the ER
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what is postranslational import?
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proteins are made in free ribosomes
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where does transcription occur?
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nucleus
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where does RNA processing occur?
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nucleus
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what connects two sister chromatids?
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centromere
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what do kinectichore microtubules do?
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control cell movement
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--- (sister) chromatids are linked with a centromere.
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replicated
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what is the ploidy of a diploid cell?
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2n=4
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what is the ploidy of a haploid cell?
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2n=2
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--- bonds to both nucleic acids and amino acids.
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tRNA
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MITOSIS: what happens in prophase?
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chromosomes condense
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MITOSIS: What happens in metaphase?
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chromosomes line up on plate
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MITOSIS: What happens in anaphase?
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sister chromatids separate
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MITOSIS: What happens in telophase?
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Two cells are present
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the cytoskeleton is very active in which cell division?
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mitosis
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what determines where a cell will divide in mitosis?
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the preprophase band
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what do spindles do in mitosis?
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pull apart chromatids
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what does a phragmoplast do?
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directs vesicles to where the cell plate is being formed
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during mitosis, the vacuole is divided by the --- so that the nucleus is centered.
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phragmoplast
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what is the physical basis of heredity?
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meiosis
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what are homologous chromosomes?
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chromatids with the same genes but different alleles
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MEIOSIS: Where does crossing over occur?
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prophase one
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MEIOSIS: Where does independent assortment take place?
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metaphase
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meiosis one is when the genetic variation develops. what process is meiosis two like?
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mitosis
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what are the three ways meiosis/sexual reproduction provides genetic variation?
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1. recombination of DNA (crossing over)
2. Independent assortment (metaphase plate) 3. Random fertilization |
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a Rr is known as a hetero----.
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zygote
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what is polygenic inheritence?
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multiple genes influencing a trait
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cytoplasmic inheritence is ---.
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maternal
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what are the three steps to hormone activation?
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1. reception
2. transduction 3. induction |
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where is auxin produced?
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shoot apical meristem
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which way does auxin move in a plant?
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basipetally
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how does auxin move in a plant? (which method)
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polar movement by transmembrane proteins
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Which hormone regulates elongation of young shoots?
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auxin
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which hormone regulates vacular tissue differentiation?
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auxin
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which hormone regulates fruit development?
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auxin
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which hormone regulates apical dominance?
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auxin
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which hormone regulated adventitious root growth?
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auxin
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what is adventitious root growth?
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roots growing from non-roots
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where are cytokinins found?
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active tissue such as roots
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Auxin coupled with --- regulated plant growth.
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cytokinins
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where is ethylene found?
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in tissues undergoing regulated death (senescence)
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what is senescence?
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regulated death
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which hormone is gaseous?
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ethylene
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which hormone is used to go around obstacles?
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ethylene
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Which hormone when coupled with auxin regulates leaf abscission?
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ethylene
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which hormone regulates fruit maturation?
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ethylene
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the ratio of auxin to --- controls leaf abscission.
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ethylene
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what does abscisic acid control?
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seed dormancy/growth inhibition
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where is abscisic acid found?
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leaves and roots
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which hormone is helpful in drought defense?
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abscisic acid
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the ration of which two hormones regulates germination?
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GA: ABA
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What do gibberelons control?
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self elongation
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what is bolting?
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rapid elongation of flower stalks
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what is phototropism?
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growth of a plant toward light
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what is heliotropism
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solar tracking
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what are circadian rhythms?
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night and day cycles entrained without being light dependent
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what is photoperiodism?
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response to shortening of days which depends on the length of night
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what controls dormancy? (system, not hormone)
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photoperiodism
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what is thigmonastic movement?
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movement stimulated by touch due to a change in turgid pressure
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what is thigmotropism?
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directional growth response to touch
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what is gravitropism?
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the flow of hormones in the plant where roots growth with and leaves grow against
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what are amyloplasts?
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starches that settle on the bottom of a plant cell due to gravity
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what are four pieces of evidence supporting the idea that plants evolved from green algae?
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1. pigmentation
2. cellulose 3. plastids containing starch 4. some used of phragmoplasts in division |
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what problem does dermal tissue solve?
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dehydration
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what problem does the presence of a secondary wall solve?
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support
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what problem does xylem tissue solve?
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transport of water/minerals
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what problem does phloem tissue solve?
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photosynthate transfer
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what is unique about ground tissue?
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it's totipotent (undifferentiated)
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what is ground tissue responsible for?
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growth, wound healing, reproduction, storage, photosynthesis
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what is collenchyma?
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stretchy, uneven, primary cell walls that provide support of herbacious plants
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what is sclerenchyma?
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rigid secondary cell walls that are give support and protection (bark)
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What does epidermal tissue do?
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controls water loss
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what are tricomes?
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multicellular cones found near the shoots
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what is periderm?
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cork
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what tissue type is necessary for it to grow tall?
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vascular tissue
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what does the xylem do?
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moves water/minerals through a plant (evolved for land)
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what does the phloem do?
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moves photosynthate in a plant (response to size)
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what do tracheary elements in the xylem of a plant do?
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1. move water through mass flow
2. fight ambient pressure 3. trachids contain pits, vessels contain perferations that allow things to pass through the cell wall |
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do conifers have tracheary vessels?
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no
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in ground tissue, what is parenchyma tissue?
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all one cell
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in ground tissue, what are the two types of sclerenchyma?
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stone cells and fibers
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in ground tissue, what is unique about collenchyma?
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it has only a primary cell wall
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what are tracheary elements designed to do?
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die
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where are sieve elements found?
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phloem
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what type of plants are sieve tubes found in?
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angiosperms (flowering plants)
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what type of plants are sieve cells found in?
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conifers
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what is a sieve?
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conduit for photosynthate movement caused by a pressure gradient generate osmotically
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what do sieve plates do?
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control the flow of fluid in phloem
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what does the source of a sink create?
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pressure
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what does the sink of a sieve release?
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pressure
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what are companion cells?
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cells that aid sieve tubes by producing cell proteins and transporting them via plasmodesmata
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what are albuminous cells?
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cells conifers needs for their sieve cells to survive
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what is primary plant growth?
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elongation of plant axis
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what is secondary plant growth?
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increased gurth
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what cell type is meristem made of?
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parenchyma
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primary tissue is derived from the --- meristem, and is arrested in interphase.
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optical
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what type of tissue controls cell division, elongation, and differentiation?
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primary
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when concerning tissues behind the meristem, what is protoderm?
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tissue that forms the epidermis
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when concerning tissues behind the meristem, what is procambium?
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vascular tissue
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primary root growth is always inside of the --- ---.
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root cap
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what three types of tissue are found in roots?
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procambium, protoderm, and ground
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what three types of tissue are found in shoots?
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protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
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in primary shoot growth, where does the procambium diverge from?
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the stem
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what is leaf primordium?
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an immature leaf
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what does the leaf trace in a leaf primordium do?
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connect the procambium into the leaf
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what does the leaf gap in leaf primordium do?
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leaves a ground meristem trail
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what are the two functions of roots?
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anchorage and absorption
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what is the main purpose of root hairs?
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increased surface area
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in the stem of shoots, monocots have their vascular bundles scattered randomly throughout the tissue, while dicots have their bundles in a ring around ---.
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pith
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where is secondary tissue derived from?
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lateral meristem called cambia
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secondary tissue produces dermal and vascular tissue, but little -- tissue.
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ground
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How do plants lose water?
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transpiration
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water moves in the xylem?
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intercellular cavities
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stoma open by pumping ---- into guard cells, which increases osmostic pressure and draws in water
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ions
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what brings water into the roots of a plant?
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vessels and trachids of the xylem
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transpiration provides mechanical -- of water up a plant body.
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pull
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what is the cohesion tension theory?
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water sticks to cell walls and is pulled up by other water molecules
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what is the cohesion tension theory?
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water sticks to cell walls and is pulled up by other water molecules
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water always move from --- to --- water potential.
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high to low
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what is the cohesion tension theory?
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water sticks to cell walls and is pulled up by other water molecules
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water always move from --- to --- water potential.
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high to low
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what elemental factor can effect the rate of transpiration?
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humidity
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what is embolism?
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air getting caught in xylem
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water always move from --- to --- water potential.
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high to low
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what elemental factor can effect the rate of transpiration?
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humidity
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what is the cohesion tension theory?
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water sticks to cell walls and is pulled up by other water molecules
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what two elements help to eliminate embolism?
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vessels and trachids
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what elemental factor can effect the rate of transpiration?
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humidity
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water always move from --- to --- water potential.
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high to low
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what is embolism?
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air getting caught in xylem
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what is embolism?
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air getting caught in xylem
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what elemental factor can effect the rate of transpiration?
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humidity
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what two elements help to eliminate embolism?
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vessels and trachids
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what two elements help to eliminate embolism?
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vessels and trachids
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what is embolism?
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air getting caught in xylem
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what two elements help to eliminate embolism?
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vessels and trachids
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water absorption by roots is facilitated by ---.
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root hairs
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when considering the three pathways where things are absorbed through roots, what is apoplastic?
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absorption that doesn't go through any cell membranes
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when considering the three pathways where things are absorbed through roots, what is symplastic?
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across membranes
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when considering the three pathways where things are absorbed through roots, what is transcellular?
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across cells (walls, membranes)
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what is endodermis?
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skin around vascular tissue to filter what goes into a cell
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what is the caparison strip?
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waxy coat on endoderm to keep in moisture
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what is root pressure?
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active transport of ions into the root xylem followed by passive osmosis of water
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What is guttation?
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water forced up leaves by root pressure (run by specific stoma called hydathodes)
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Sugars move from --- to ---.
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source
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what explains how sugars move through a plant?
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pressure flow hypothesis or phloem loading
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sugars loaded at the source at loaded in the --- ---.
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sieve cell
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sugar concentration causes water to move into the ---.
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phloem
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