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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates |
-Cm(H2O)n -Polar -Subcategory: glycosides, fiber, mucilage, gel, glucans -Actions: demulcents, immunostimulants, laxatives |
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Glycoside |
-Carbohydrate -Glycone + aglycone = glycoside -Sugar group makes compound more water soluble, reversibly activated, easily stored/transported/excreted |
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Mucilage |
-Carbohydrate -Normal physiological product -slimy liquid or mass -Actions: demulcent, bulk laxative, emulsifying agent -Ex. Seeds (flaxseeds, chia, psyllium), roots (Marshmallow), Leaf (aloe, marshmallow), bark (slippery elm) |
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Gums |
-Carbohydrate -Pathological product -Actions: demulcent, bulk laxative, emulsifying agent -Ex. Mastic/guar/xanthan/arabic gum |
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Gels |
-Carbohydrate -Solid, jelly like -Gums and mucilage can produce gels -Actions: demulcent, bulk laxative, emulsifying agent -Ex. Aloe gel |
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Marshmallow |
-Althea officinalis -Carbohydrate - Glycoside |
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Aloe |
-Aloe vera -Carbohydrate - glycoside |
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Beta-Glucans |
-Polysaccharides consisting of D-glucose linked by glycosidic bonds
-B(1,3)(1,4) - lowers cholesterol/no immunostimulant effects = barley, oats
-B(1,3)(1,6) - immunostimulant effects = mushrooms
-a(1,3) and B(1,4) = sea weed (carrageenan)
-Actions: cholesterol lowering, immunostimulant, immunomodulating, antiviral, anticancer |
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Shiitake |
-Lentinula edodes -B-glucan -Medicinal mushroom |
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Reishi |
-Ganoderma lucidum -B-glucan -medicinal "immortality mushroom"
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Turkey tail |
-Trametes versicolor -B-glucan -Very well researched -Promoted as adjunctive cancer treatment -Polysaccharide-K (PSK) -medicinal mushroom |
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Resins |
-Solid (or very viscous) mixture of hydrocarbons -Non-polar -Actions: Mixed, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory
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Oleoresins |
-Resin -Resins that contain essential oils -Distillation to obtain oils -Actions: Mixed, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory |
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Oleo-gum-resins |
-Resin -Resin with gum (carbohydrates) and essential oils (oleo) -Actions: Mixed, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory |
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Balsam resin |
-Abies balsamea -Resin |
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Mryhh |
-Commiphora mukal -Resin |
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Amber |
-fossilized resin -Resin |
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Indian frankinsense |
-Boswellia serrata -Resin |
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Essential oil |
-Short non-polar hydrocarbon molecules (~10-15 carbons) -Actions: Carminative, rubafacient, antiseptic -Pure essential oils are potent and can cause death |
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Fixed oil |
-Long non-polar hydrocarbon molecules (~15-24 carbons) -Triglycerides = esters of glycerol and fatty acids -Actions: antiinflammatory, proinflammatory, fuel
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Wax |
-Long non-polar hydrocarbon molecules (~29-33 carbons) -Actions: protective barrier (water repellent) -Not a lot of medicinal properties, indigestible, used in cosmetics -Animals: lanolin (sheep), ear wax (humans), bees wax |
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Bayberry |
-Myrica cerifera -"wax myrtle" |
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Latex |
-Milky, liquid mixture (in an aqueous base) of various things such as proteins, resins, etc. -Actions: Depends on plants |
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Opium poppy |
-Papaver somniferum -Latex |
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Greater celandine |
-Chelidonium majus -Substance found in leaf -Latex |
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Bloodroot |
-Sanguinaria canadensis -Watery red sap found in root -Latex |
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Terpenes and terpenoids |
Terpenes -Made from isoprene units -Isoprene rule = 5n = # of carbons in structure -n = number of isoprene units
Terpenoids -Terpenes with an oxygen |
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Monoterpenes |
-Hydrocarbons made from 2 isoprene units
-Phytochemicals: Menthol (peppermint oil), carvacrol (oregano oil), thymol (thyme), eucalyptol (eucalyptus oil), terpin-4-ol (tea tree, juniper oil
-Actions: Antimicrobial, counter-irritant, carminative, analgestic, expectorant
-Characteristics: volatile, colourless, non-polar |
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Monoterpene lactones -Derived from monoterpenoids -Two classes: Iridoids & Secoiridoids |
-Hydrocarbons of 2 isoprene units and a lactone -Two classes: Iridoids, secoiridoids
-Actions: Bitters, antiinflammatory, vulnerary
-Phytochemicals: oleuropoein (bitter & acrid tasting compound in olive oil) amarogentin (yellow gentian - Gentiana lute) |
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Sesquiterpene |
-Hydrocarbons of 3 isoprene units -Phytochemicals not required for exam
-Actions: Anti-inflammatory, carminative
-Characteristics: volatile (but less than monoterpene), colourless, non-polar |
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Sesquiterpene lactone |
-Hydrocarbons of 3 isoprene units and a lactone
-Actions: Bitters, antimicrobial (antimalarial/helmintic/bacterial), anti-inflammatory, anticancer
-Phytochemicals: absinthin (Wormwood) - antihelmintic
artemisinin (Sweet wormwood) - antimalarial
matricin (chamomile) - anti-inflammatory, vulnerary
parthenolide (Feverfew) - migraines, anti-inflammatory
luctucin (chicory) - cleanses blood/liver, chronic conditions
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Diterpenes |
-Hyrocarbons made 4 isoprene units
-Phytochemicals: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC - found in marijuana), steviol
-Actions: Mixed, neurological effects
-Characteristics: some volatile, non-polar |
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Triterpene |
-Hydrocarbons of 6 isoprene units -Typically from tetracyclic or pentacyclic rings
-Phytochemicals: Ursolic acid (found in apples, rosemary, berries, and various herbs)
-Actions: anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral -Characteristics: non-volatile, non-polar |
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Saponins |
-Triterpenoid, amphipathic compounds (soap) -Phytochemicals: Glycyrrhizin
-Subclasses: Steroidal saponins (ginsenosides, astragalosides), cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
-Actions: Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral -Characteristics: not volatile, water soluble |
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Steroidal saponins |
-Triterpenoid with basic steroid backbone -Amphipathic compounds (soap)
-Phytochemicals: astragalosides (Huang qi), ginsenosides (korean ginseng), Eleutheroside (Siberian gingseng)
-Actions: Adaptogen, immunomodulating, male tonic |
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Cardiac glycosides |
-Triterpenoids that have strong cardiac activities
-Phytochemicals: digoxin (foxglove)
-Actions: Positive ionotropic, negative chronotropic
-Many adaptogenic herbs have mild affect on heart |
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Tetraterpene |
-Hydrocarbons of 8 isoprene units -Related to tetraterpenoids
-Action: Antioxidant, anticancer, provitamin A (helps make Vit. A)
Indications: cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration & cataracts
Phytochemicals: Xanthophylls (Ex. lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin) contain oxygen, carotenes (Ex. alpha-carotene, B-carotene, lycopene) strictly hydrocarbons
Carotenoids: B-carotene (papaya), capsanthin (red peppers), lutein (kale, dandelion greens, spinach, marigold), bixin (achiote)
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