Bot 331 Final

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Photomorphogenesis:

Back 1

regulatory effect of light on growth development and
differentiation of cells, tissues, organs and plant in general

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Phootropism:

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Movement of the plant towards or away from light.

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Phytochrome Pr and Pfr:

Back 3

A plant growth regulating photoreceptor protein that absorbs primarily red and far-red light. May absorb blue light. Phytochrome which is a holoprotein is made of two parts.
A Chromophore called Phytochromobilin
A Polypeptide apoprotein

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Pr Phytochrome

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that upon absorption of red light converts to the Pfr form. Has Cis
isomer of chromophore: phytochromobilin

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Holoprotein:

Back 5

An apoprotein bound to a smaller nonprotein molecule such as
chromophore

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Apoprotein:

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A polypeptide component which may be bound to a chromophore or cofactor or prosthetic group to make a functional active protein holoprotein.

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Fluence:

Back 7

The number of photos absorbed per unit area

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Fluence rate/Irradiance:

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Amount of light/photons falling in a given area.
Calculated as watts per square meter / moles of photons per square meter per second

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Proteasome:

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Large multiportein complex responsible for the degradation of cytosolic proteins. These proteins must be marked for destruction by ubiquitination.

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Simple leaf

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A single leaf blade with a bud at the base of the leaf rachis-stem junction/axil

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Compound leaf

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a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk. Leaflets do not have bud at the base of the leaf rachis-stem junction/axil

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Circadian Rhythm/clock (biological clock)

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shows a cycle of high and low activities independent of external stimuli with a periodic cycle of 24hrs (a day length).

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Shade avoidance response

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A response to shade. Often results in stem elongation.

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Shoot apical meristem changes to reproductive apical meristem

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Induced by : temperature, day length (photoperiod), Plant hormones, sucrose (carbohydrate) concentration.

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Orthologs

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are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Normally, orthologs retain the same function in the course of evolution.

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Paralogs

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are genes related by duplication within a genome. Orthologs retain the same function in the course of evolution, whereas paralogs evolve new functions, even if these are related to the original one.

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Florigen:

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is a metabolite/gene product that induces flowering. Regulated by : temperature, day length (photoperiod), Plant hormones (especially Gibberellin/Gibberellic acid (GA)), sucrose (carbohydrate) concentration, phytochromes, cryptochromes, circadian clock and clock entrainment.

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CONSTANS (CO)

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Arabidopsis transcription factor that activates FT (Flowering LOCUS T). Transported to the shoot apical meristem where where they interact with other interacting partners leading to commitment on developing the Inflorescence meristem. Ortholog to rice's Heading date-1 (HD1) which activates HD3a.

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Homeobox Genes

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A homeobox is a DNA sequence found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of development (morphogenesis). Homeobox genes are the genes carrying the homeobox domains.

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ABC model of flower development

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Homeobox Genes of A/B/C type regulate the development and patterning of floral parts.

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florigen

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induces flowering

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floral evocation

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the events occuring in the shoot apex that specifically commit the apical meristem to produce flowers. Brought about by circadian rhythms, phase change, hormones, external factors (photoperiod), and temperature (vernalization).

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floral stimulus

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transmissible signals from the leaves that are translocated to the shoot apical meristem.

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primary inflorescent meristem

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when reproductive development is initiated, the vegetative meristem is transformed into the this.It produces an elongated inflorescence axis bearing two types of lateral organs: cauline (or inflorescence) leaves and flowers.

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secondary inflorescence meristems

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the auxillary buds of cauline leaves develop into this ant ehir activity repeats the pattern of development of the primary inflorescence meristem.

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Parthenocarpy

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the formation of fruit without fertilization. Auxin and GA can induce it.

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Abscisic Acid

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Maintains dormancy in seeds and buds, stimulates stomatal closing.

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salicylic acid

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activates genes involved in plant defense mechanisms

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Brassinolides

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promotes elongation, stimulates flowering, promote cell division, regulates photomorphogenesis, cotton fiber development, lateral root development, apical dominance and maintenance, vascular differentiation, promotes pollen tube germination and perfect stamen length, can induce root development and flowering independent of GA.

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Gibberellic Acid

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Terpenoid compound. Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor molecule. Synthesis is shared between plastid, ER, and cytosol. Internode elongation (major form GA3).Auxin promotes GA biosynthesis and signaling.

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constitutive

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always present in the plant -- waxy cuticle

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induced

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produced in reaction to damage or stressed caused by herbivores

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the ability to maintain tissue hydration

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desiccation postponement

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the ability to function while dehydrated

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desiccation tolerance

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completion of life cycle during wet season

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drought escape

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solutes that don't effect enzyme activity: sorbitol, mannitol and glycine betaine. They accumulate to keep the cytosolic solute potential low.

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Compatible solutes

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sodicity

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high concenctrations of sodium

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are less salt tolerant

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glycophytes

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cotyledon-like structure in grass seeds.

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Scutellum

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a substance that regulates the movement and development of cells during morphogenesis.

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morphogen (ex. auxin)

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WUS

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A homeobox gene expressed in pluripotent cells, required for maintenance of the SAM and number of active pluripotent cells.

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encodes auxin efflux

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PIN1 gene

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Encodes Auxin influx

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AUX1

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first enzyme in the commitment of cytokinin biosynthesis. Precursor for this pathways are ATP/AMP/ADP and ______

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isopentenyl transferanse (IPT), DMAPP

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bioactive cytokinin

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trans-zeatin

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bioactive GA

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C19

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physiologically active form of phytochrome

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Pfr

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number of photons impinging on a unit surface area

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fluence

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Fluence rate

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irradiance

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Red light does what to Pr?

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Converts to Pfr and converts cis to trans in phytochromobilins

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coleoptile

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modified leaf that protects grass seedlings as they grow through the soil.

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Blue light responses

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1. Stomatal opening
2. Phototaxis
3. Phtototropism

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Phtototropism

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directional growth in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source. In other words, it is the growth and response to a light stimulus.

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Phototaxis

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or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus of light.

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cytokinen oxidase mutation

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Short plant with more flowers

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GA synthesis

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in plastids, ER, and cytosol.

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Auxin synthesis

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cytosol and plastids

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Precursor for Auxin

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Tryptophan

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Auxin horms

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IAA and IBA. IBA is in Corn. Almost all other plants have IAA.

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promotes leaves falling

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Abscisic Acid