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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Fick's Law
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Ficks law of diffusion states that the amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness.
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Describe Dalton's Law
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The partial pressure of a gas is found by multiplying its concentration by the total dry gas pressure
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen?
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Pressure at sea level:
760 mmHg-47mmHg (water vapor): 713mmHG O2 .21 x 713mmHg: 150 mmHg of O2 |
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There are 9 cartilages in the larynx, name them:
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3 are single: Thyroid (biggest, prominence is adam's apple)
cricoid (beneath thyroid, btwn cricothyroid ligament) epiglottis (covers opening of larynx when swallowing) 3 Paired: arytenoid (attaches to base of tongue, pyramid) Corniculate & Cuniform (run very close together, same place) |
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Important fact about arytenoid
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At the base of arytenoid is the vocal process.
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Describe the function of the infrahyoid muscle group (part of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx)
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These muscles pull the larynx and hyoid bone down to a lower position in the neck
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Describe the function of the suprahyoid muscle group (extrinsic muscle group)
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These muscles pull the hyoid bone forward, upward and backward.
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Describe the intrinsic muscles and their function.
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Posterior cricoarytenoid: move apart (adduct) vocal folds, allow air to pass through.
Lateral Cricoarytenoid: Move the vocal folds together Transverse arytenoid: position the vocal folds so that they vibrate as air passes between them during exhalation. Thyroarytenoid: pulls the arytenoid cartilage Cricothyroid: can swing the entire thyroid cartilage anteriorly, additional way to tense vocal cords |
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Describe the differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the tracheobronchial tree.
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The conducting zone conducts air, extends to the terminal bronchioles, does not contain alveoli and therefore is not involved in gas exchange.
The respiratory zone (acinus) is where gas is exchanged, extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. |
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How far down the tracheobronchial tree does cartilage extend?
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Cartilage is present to the subsegmental bronchi.
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What is the difference between the right and left mainstem bronchus.
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The right branches off at a 25 degree angle, is straighter and wider. The left branches off at a 40-60 degree angle with the trachea.
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By what mechanism does gas move after the terminal bronchioles?
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After the terminal bronchioles, gas moves by diffusion.
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The alveolar epithelium is made up of two types of cell, what are they?
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95% is squamous pneumocytes and 5% are granular pneumocytes. Granular pneumocytes are the primary source for pulmonary surfactant.
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How far down the tracheobronchial tree does cartilage extend?
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Cartilage is present to the subsegmental bronchi.
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What is the difference between the right and left mainstem bronchus.
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The right branches off at a 25 degree angle, is straighter and wider. The left branches off at a 40-60 degree angle with the trachea.
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By what mechanism does gas move after the terminal bronchioles?
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After the terminal bronchioles, gas moves by diffusion.
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What is the function of the pores of Kohn?
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They permit gas to move between adjacent alveoli
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What is the tight space? Loose space?
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Tigh space lies between the alveolar epithelium and the endothelium of pulmonary capillary. (Fick's law) Lymphatics and nerve fibers are found in the loose space.
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Important facts about the pulmonary artery.
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The pulmonary artery accepts the full cardiac output, branches to the left and right PA, enters through the hilum. The PA receives 5L of flow with a mean pressure of 15-20 mmHg.
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Describe the three layers of the arterioles, pulmonary capillary and venules.
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Tunica intima-inner layer, endothelium.
Tunica media-smooth muscle, very different between arterioles and venules. (arterioles have more muscle, resistance vessels) they control resistance actively. tunica adventitia-outermost, collagen |
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What are the capillaries composed of?
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They are an extension of the innerlining of the arterioles, only endothelium, very thin.
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Important facts about capillaries.
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Diameter is 10 micrometers, large enough for 1 red blood cell, each RBC spends 3/4 second in capillary, reaches complete equillibration of O2 and CO2. Pulmonary capillaries also destroy biological substances (norepi and serotonin) prostaglandins and ace found there.
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Important facts about veins
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Veins are called capacitance vessels because they collect a large amount of blood with very little pressure change.
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Why is the bronchial circulation important? Can we live without it?
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It nourishes the conducting zone of the lung, beyond the terminal bronchioles is merges with the pulm. artery and capill. Patients that are s/p pneumonectomy or lung transplant live without bronchial circulation.
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How much of the cardiac output is sent to the bronchial circulation?
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<1% of the CO is towards the bronch. circulation.
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Where does bronchiole venous blood go?
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1/3 goes to the right atrium, the remaining 2/3 drains into the pulmonary veins, then to the left atrium. Contributes to venous admixture.
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What is the role of the lymphatic system related to the pulmonary physiology?
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The lymphatics travel beside the airway, have one-way valves, remove fluid and proteins that leak from pulmonary capillaries.
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Why are right sided pleural effusions larger and more common than left sided pleural effusions?
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The lymphatic channels are larger and more numerous in the left lower lung than in the right.
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