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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bordeaux wine styles, winemakers, climate, landscape
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- WINES: reds, dry whites, sweet whites, rosés, sparkling
- WINEMAKERS: growers, cooperatives, négociants - CLIMATE: gentle, mild, temperate, high avg. rainfall - LANDSCAPE: pine forests to west protect vines from Atlantic Ocean winds. best vines situated in areas where land undulates or where land slopes gently down toward rivers |
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important bodies of water in Bordeaux
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1. Gironde River
2. Dordogne River 3. Garonne River 4. Atlantic Ocean |
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Bordeaux districts
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Médoc
Graves Libournais Bourg & Blaye |
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Bordeaux DRY WHITE WINE production areas
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- Graves
- Entre-deux-Mers - Côtes de Bourg - Côtes de Bordeaux Blaye |
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Bordeaux SWEET WHITE WINE production areas
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- Sauternes
- Barsac - Cérons - Sainte-Croix-du-Mont - Côtes de Bordeaux Cadillac |
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Bordeaux RED WINE production areas
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- Médoc
- Graves - Pomerol - Lalande-de-Pomerol - Canon-Fronsac - Fronsac - Castillon - Francs - Bourg - Blaye - Cadillac |
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Bordeaux WHITE GRAPES
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PRIMARY:
- sémillon - sauvignon blanc - muscadelle SECONDARY: - colombard - merlot blanc - ugni blanc |
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Sauvignon Blanc's purpose in white Bordeaux blend
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pungency, high acidity, citrus flavors
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Semillon's purpose in white Bordeaux blend
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- leavens the biting acid from Sauv. Blanc, especially when rounded out w/ oak
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Muscadelle's purpose in white Bordeaux blend
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- intense floral character
- added sparingly, as it can overtake wine's balance |
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Bordeaux RED GRAPES
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PRIMARY:
- merlot - cabernet sauvignon - cabernet franc SECONDARY: - petit verdot - malbec - carmenère |
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Cabernet Sauvignon's purpose in red Bordeaux blend
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highly pigmented, tannic, gives wine structure, power, longevity
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Merlot's purpose in red Bordeaux blend
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fleshy, juicy texture that softens austerity of Cab. Sauv.
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Cabernet Franc's purpose in red Bordeaux blend
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- more tannic than more merlot but less weighty/muscular than Cab. Sauv.
- imparts herbal spice and red fruit aromatics |
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Bordeaux SECOND LABELING
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- all top estates use very finest wines to create a blend to be sold as their top wine, usually under château's name
- very common for individual estates to market more than one label - most châteaux have second label used for wines blended from remainder of harvest after first label blend is finalized - second labels protect high quality reputation of first label |
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Bordeaux APPELLATION levels
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- REGION: labeled after region, such as "Bordeaux" or "Bordeaux Supérieur," or labeled under proprietary/fantasy name
- DISTRICT: named after district where grapes grown, like "Entre-Deux-Mers" or "Médoc" - VILLAGE: named after villages where vineyards located, like "Pomerol," "Pauillac," or "Pessac-Léognan" |
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Bordeaux's OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
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1855 - re wines of Médoc
1855 - sweet whites of Sauternes & Barsac 1955 - red wines of St-Émilion (revised '69, '86, '96, '06) 1959 - whites of Graves |
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Bordeaux's common WHITE winemaking practices
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- blends
- juice macerated w/ skins - malolactic fermentation - oak-aged - fuller, more complex in Pessac-Léognan and Graves - simpler, often unblended in Entre-Deux-Mers |
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Bordeaux's common RED winemaking practices
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- most estates or négociants rely on stainless steel tanks for fermentation
- aging in small oak barrels - blending is key |
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most famous areas of RED wine production in Bordeaux
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LEFT BANK:
- Médoc - Haut-Médoc - Graves RIGHT BANK: - Bourg - Blaye - Francs |
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the MÉDOC
location, climate, soil, landscape, grapes |
- largest subregion of Bordeaux
- LOCATION: left bank of Gironde - CLIMATE: Atlantic Ocean on west side, Gironde borders east side, both regulate heat - LANDSCAPE: undulating hillsides w/ gentle slopes. best vineyards can "see the river" - SOIL: similar topsoils over different subsoils. topsoils typically gravel, subsoils either gravel, sand, limestone, or clay - GRAPES: cab sauv, cab. franc, merlot |
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MÉDOC
formal regional appellations |
- Bas-Médoc - northern
- Haut-Médoc - southern |
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Médoc subappellations/villages
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St-Estèphe
Pauillac St-Julien Listrac Moulis Margaux |
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HAUT-MÉDOC
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- home to all the famous villages/estates in Médoc subregion
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Médoc classification
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1855 Official Classification of Bordeaux
- based on the estate, not the land |
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difference between classification systems of Médoc and Graves
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MÉDOC:
- hierarchical system ("Premier Crus," "Deuxieme Crus," etc.) GRAVES: - no hierarchical system. best wines named in classification all have right to call themselves "Cru Classé" |
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How many different growths listed in 1855 Classification of Bordeaux?
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five
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1855 Classification of Bordeaux PREMIER CRUS
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1. Haut-Brion (Pessac-Léognan/Graves)
2. Lafite-Rothschild (Pauillac) 3. Latour (Pauillac) 4. Margaux (Margaux) 5. Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac) |
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1855 Classification of Bordeaux DEUXIÈMES CRUS
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1. Brane-Cantenac (Margaux)
2. Cos d'Estournel (St-Estéphe) 3. Ducru-Beaucaillou (St-Julien) 4. Durfort-Vivens (Margaux) 5. Gruard-Larose (St-Julien) 6. Lascombes (Margaux) 7. Leoville-Barton (St-Julien) 8. Leoville-Las Cases (St-Julien) 9. Leoville-Poyferre (St-Julien) 10. Montrose (St-Estéphe) 11. Pichon Longueville Baron (Pauillac) 12. Pichon Longueville Comtesee de Lalande (Pauillac) 13. Rauzan-Ségla (Margaux) 14. Rauzan-Gassies (Margaux) |
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1855 Classification of Bordeaux TROISIÈMES CRUS
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1. Boyd-Cantenac (Margaux)
2. Calon-Segur (St-Estéphe) 3. Cantenac-Brown (Margaux) 4. Desmirail (Margaux) 5. d'Issan (Margaux) 6. Ferriere (Margaux) 7. Giscours (Margaux) 8. Kirwan (Margaux) 9. Lagrange (St-Julien) 10. la Lagune (Haut-Médoc) 11. Langoa-Barton (St-Julien) 12. Malescot St-Exupery (Margaux) 13. Marquis d'Alesme-Becker (Margaux) 14. Paliner (Margaux) |
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1855 Classification of Bordeaux QUATRIÈMES CRUS
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1. Beychevelle (St-Julien)
2. Branaire-Ducru (St-Julien) 3. Duhart-Milon-Rothschild (Pauillac) 4. la Tour-Carnet (Haut-Médoc) 5. Marquis-de-Terme (Margaux) 6. Pouget (Margaux) 7. Prieure-Lichine (Margaux) 8. St-Pierre (St-Julien) 9. Talbot (St-Julien) |
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1855 Classification of Bordeaux CINQUIÈMES CRUS
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1. Batailley (Pauillac)
2. Belgrave (Haut-Médoc) 3. Cantermarle (Haut-Médoc) 4. Clerc-Milon (Pauillac) 5. Cos Labory (St-Estéphe) 6. Croizet-Bages (Pauillac) 7. d'Armailhac (Pauillac) 8. Dauzac (Margaux) 9. de Camensac (Haut-Médoc) 10. du Tartre (Margaux) 11. Grand-Puy-Ducasse (Pauillac) 12. Grand-Puy-Lacoste (Pauillac) 13. Haut-Bages-Liberal (Pauillac) 14. Haut-Batailley (Pauillac) 15. Lynch-Bages (Pauillac) 16. Lynch-Moussas (Pauillac) 17. Pedesclaux (Pauillac) 18. Pontet-Canet (Pauillac) |
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term for châteaux NOT classified in 1855 Bordeaux Classification?
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Crus Bourgeois
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ST-ESTÉPHE
location, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: most northerly in Haut-Médoc
- SOIL: gravel, rocks, some chalk, and sand on surface, w/ gravel and clay subsoil. also fossilized oysters and limestone subsoils - GRAPES: cabernet sauvignon, cabernet franc, merlot 1855 Classification - 2ND GROWTH: Château Cos d'Estournel, Château Montrose - 3RD GROWTH: Château Calon-Ségur - 5TH GROWTH: Cos Labory |
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PAUILLAC
location and soil |
- LOCATION: sandwiched between St-Estèphe to north and St-Julien to south
- SOIL: mostly iron-rich gravel over clay/limestone plateau <u>1855 Classification</u> - <i>1<sup>st</sup> growth</i>: Lafite-Rothschild, Latour, Mouton-Rothschild - <i>2<sup>nd</sup> growth</i>: Pichon-Longueville Comtesse de Lalande - <i>4<sup>th</sup> growth</i>: Duhart-Milon - <i>5<sup>th</sup> growth</i>: Pontet-Canet, Batailley, Haut-Batailley, Grand-Puy-Lacoste, Grand-Puy-Ducasse, Lynch-Bages, Lynch-Moussas, d'Armailhac, Haut-Bages Liberal, Pedesclaux, Clerc Milon, Croizet-Bages |
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ST-JULIEN
location and soil |
- LOCATION: in very center of Haut-Médoc. just south of Pauillac
- SOIL: gravelly soils w/ substrata of iron-pan, marl and gravel <u>1855 Classification</u> - <i>2<sup>nd</sup> growth</i>: Leoville-Las Cases, Leoville-Poyferre, Leoville-Barton, Gruaud-Larose, Ducru-Beaucaillou - <i>3<sup>rd</sup> growth</i>: Lagrange, Langoa-Barton - <i>4<sup>th</sup> growth</i>: St-Pierre, Talbot, Branaire, Beychevelle |
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MARGAUX
location, landscape, soil |
- LOCATION: largest/most southern in Médoc region
- LANDSCAPE: one large, low-lying plateau, plus several small outcroppings that slope toward the forest - SOIL: gravel w/ pebbles, sand, limestone 1855 Classification - 1ST GROWTH: Margaux - 2ND GROWTH: Rauzan-Ségla, Rauzan-Gassies, Durfort-Vivens, Lascombes - 3RD GROWTH: Malescot St-Exupery, Desmirail, Ferriere, Marquis d'Alesme-Becker - 4TH GROWTH: Marquis de Terme |
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LISTRAC and MOULIS
location, grapes |
- LOCATION: inland communes of the Médoc
- not positioned on the gravelly banks of the Gironde River, like the other communes - GRAPES: cab. sauv., w/ merlot, cab. franc, petit verdot |
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GRAVES
location, soil, landscape |
- LOCATION: extends southward from Médoc toward Sauternes and beyond village of Langon
- SOIL: mostly gravel w/ subsoils of sand/clay - LANDSCAPE: pine forests to west offer protection from winds |
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GRAVES
subappellations/villages |
Péssac-Leognan
Sauternes Barsac Cérons |
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GRAVES
white wines |
more sémillon than sauvignon blanc grown
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PESSAC-LÉOGNAN
location, soil |
- LOCATION: northern Graves
- SOIL: alluvial deposits built up over times and created a more gravelly rolling landscape 1855 Classification - 1ST GROWTH: Haut-Brion * all 1959 Classified Graves châteaux in this area |
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PESSAC-LÉOGNAN
white wines |
- law requires min. 25% sauvignon blanc
- fermentation and/or aging in small French oak barrels |
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SAUTERNES
grapes, landscape, soil |
- GRAPES: sémillon leading grape, with sauvignon blanc
- LANDSCAPE: a rounded hill that slopes gently downward in a northerly direction to the confluence of Ciron/Garonne rivers - SOIL: much of hill has clay base, w/ pockets of gravel that defines more prestigious estates |
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SAUTERNES
communes |
Bommes
Fargues Preignac |
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SAUTERNES and BARSAC
grape-growing regulations |
- grapes left on vine well into fall
- become infected w/ botrytis, water evaporates and grapes dehydrate, concentrating sugars |
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CLIMATIC FACTORS that make Sauternes and Barsac perfect locations for botrytis
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- Ciron river meets Garonne river, creating gentle morning mists
- nearby forests help hold moisture in the air |
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SAUTERNES and BARSAC
winemaking process |
- handpicked grapes; whole bunches brought to cellar
- pressed, must transferred into oak barrels to ferment - not all sugars will convert, as alcohol will kill yeast, leaving residual sugar - after fermenting, remains in a cask to age - aged minimum 2 years |
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common percentage of residual sugar in Sauternes/Barsac wines
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8-12%
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flavors/aromas in wines made with botrytis-affected grapes
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extra dimension, sometimes describe as being faintly like sweet corn
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which Sauternes wine was singled out and given highest rating of Premier Cru Supérieur Classé?
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Château d'Yquem
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Sauternes/Barsac CLASSIFICATION
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- in the 1855 official classification of Bordeaux, but is a separate list aside from Mèdoc
1. Premier Cru Supérieur Classé - Château d'Yquem 2. Premier Cru 3. Deuxieme Cru |
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Sauternes/Barsac DRY WHITES
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most dry Sauternes are named after the first letter of the Château's name.
ex: Château d'Yquem named their dry white "Y" |
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Sauternes/Barsac DRY REDS
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- rarely made and exported
- must carry appellation "Graves" |
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CÉRONS
location, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: in southern Graves, west of Sauternes/Barsac
- SOIL: gravel over limestone base - GRAPES: sémillon w/ sauvignon blanc |
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LIBOURNAIS
important subappellations |
- Saint-Émilion
- Pomerol - Lalande-de-Pomerol - Fronsac - Canon-Fronsac - Castillon |
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ST-ÉMILION
location, soil, grapes, wines |
- LOCATION: right bank of Dordogne
- SOIL: few outcroppings of gravel on western slopes of plateau. top of plateau is limestone - GRAPES: higher % of Merlot, also Cabernet Franc - WINES: only red wines produced |
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St-Émilion's classification system
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- revised every 10 years
- best wines termed "Premier Grand Cru Classé" - further divided into Group A and Group B - 2nd best "Grand Cru Classé" - 3rd best "Grand Cru" |
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St-Émilion's Premier Grand Cru Classé - Group A
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Château Cheval Blanc
Château Ausone Château Angélus Château Pavie |
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POMEROL
grapes, soil, famous estates |
- GRAPES: mostly Merlot, w/ Cab. Franc, Cab. Sauv., & Malbec
- SOIL: clay, sand w/ high iron content, pockets of thin layers of gravel - ESTATES: Château Petrus |
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LALANDE-DE-POMEROL
location, soil, wines |
- LOCATION: north of Pomerol
- SOIL: sandy gravel/clay - WINES: no true star wines |
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CANON-FRONSAC and FRONSAC
location, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: east of St-Émilion
- SOIL: limestone, clay, sand - GRAPES: Merlot, w/ Cab. Franc, Cab. Sauv. - better wines from Canon-Fronsac: hillier terrain, more varied soil structure |
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CÔTES DE BORDEAUX CASTILLON
location, landscape, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: easterly appellation
- LANDSCAPE: slopes gradually down toward Dordogne River. south/southeast facing slopes - SOIL: sandy gravel - GRAPES: merlot, w/ cab. franc, cab. sauv. |
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CÔTES DE BORDEAUX FRANCS
location, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: small pocket to north of Côtes de Bordeaux Castillon
- SOIL and LANDSCAPE: higher elevations of limestone (similar to plateau of St-Émilion) - GRAPES: Merlot, w/ Cab. Franc |
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Bourg & Blaye important subappellations
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- Côtes-de-Blaye
- Côtes-de-Bourg |
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CÔTES DE BOURG and CÔTES DE BORDEAUX BLAYE
landscape, soil, grapes |
- LANDSCAPE: hilly terrain, south-facing slopes
- SOIL: clay/limestone - GRAPES: merlot, w/ cab. franc. - Côtes de Bourg makes better wines |
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ENTRE-DEUX-MERS
location, landscape, wines, grapes |
- LOCATION: forested land between Dordogne/Garonne rivers
- LANDSCAPE: surrounded by tributaries of Gironde river - WINES: any red wines produced here must carry the appellation "Bordeaux" or "Bordeaux Supérieur," not "Entre-Deux-Mers" - GRAPES: blends of sémillon, sauvignon blanc & small amounts of muscadelle |
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Entre-Deux-Mers important subappellations
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- Côtes de Bordeaux Cadillac
- Loupiac - Sainte-Croix-du-Mont |
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CÔTES DE BORDEAUX CADILLAC
soil, landscape, sweet wine production |
- SOIL: gravel deposits on flatter land on plateau
- LANDSCAPE: outcroppings of limestone on slopes nearer the river - WINE PRODUCTION: botrytis-affected grapes mandatory for sweet wines - botrytis is much less frequent here, so most producers opt for semi-sweet wines from late-harvested grapes labeled as "Graves Supérieur" or "Bordeaux Supérieur" |
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SAINTE-CROIX-DU-MONT and LOUPIAC
location, landscape, soil, grapes |
- LOCATION: two villages on northern bank of Garonne, located within Entre-Deux-Mers
- opposite Sauternes/Barsac - LANDSCAPE and SOIL: steep bank, pockets of gravel in clay/limestone base - GRAPES: sémillon, sauvignon blanc |
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common flavors/aromas in Entre-Deux-Mers white wines
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lemon, vanilla, almond
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Bordeaux's best red wine vintages
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1928, 29
1945, 47, 49 1953, 55, 59 1961, 64, 66 1970, 75, 78 1982, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 1990, 95, 96, 98, 2000, 01, 03, 05, 06, 08, 09, 2010 |
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Bordeaux's best white wine vintages
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1983, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
1990, 94, 95, 96, 99 2001, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09 2010, 11, 12 |
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Bordeaux's best sweet wine vintages
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1921, 29
1937 1945, 47, 49 1955, 59 1962, 67 1970, 75, 76 1983, 86, 88, 89 1990, 96, 97 2001, 03, 05, 07, 08, 09 2010, 11 |
