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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacteremia
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presence of bacteria in bloodstream
can develop into septicemia |
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carrier
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asymptomatic person harboring an infectious agent
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communicable disease
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transferrred from one person to another by some means other than direct inoculation
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endemic
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persistence of a disease at a low level in a defined population or geographical area
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endotoxin
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the LPS moiety of gram negative cell wall
must lyse to put in blood |
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enterotoxin
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exotoxin which causes gastrointestinal symptoms
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epidemic
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increased occurence of a disease
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exotoxin
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protein toxin produced intracellularly and subsequently secreted by certain pathogenic bacteria
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fomite
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an inanimate object that may be involved in disease transmission
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infectious dose
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# of organism required to cause a disease
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latent infection
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infection in which infecting organism is quiescent, but may reactivate
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nosocomial infection
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hospital acquired
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opportunistic pthogen
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a normally nonpathogenic bacterium capable of causing infection only under the most favorable conditions
immunosuppression |
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pandemic
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epidemic on a worldwide basis
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pathogenicity
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ability of a microorganism to cause a disease
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pyemia
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septicemia due to pyogenic organisms which are causing multiple abscesses in the body
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pyogenic
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pus forming
staphlococcus auereus |
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pyrogenic
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capable of inducing fever
lipid A and exotoxins |
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septicemia
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bacterial spesis
systemic disease in which micro-organisms multiply in the bloodstream producing clinical signs & symptoms |
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superinfection
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an infection superimposed on an already existing infection or occurring after the primary pathogen is under control
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systemic
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affecting the body as a whole
systemic disease can spread throughout the body |
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toxoid
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modified exotoxin treated to destroy its toxicity but to retain its immunogenicity
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virulence
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degree of pathogenicity
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zoonosis
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disease having an animal reservoir
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skin natural immunity
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low pH
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conjunctiva natural immunity
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mucus lysozyme
IgA flushing |
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oropharynx natural immunity
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IgA
flushing competition with normal microbiota |
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upper resp tract natural immunity
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mucus lysoyme
IgA competition with normal microbiota ciliated epithelium |
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lower resp tract natural immunity
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mucus lysozyme
low Ph IgA ciliated epithelium |
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stomach natural immunity
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low pH
flushing |
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intestinal tract natural immunity
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IgA
flushing competition with normal microbiota bile |
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vagina natural immunity
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mucus lysozyme
low pH IgA competition with normal microbiota |
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urinary tract natural immunity
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low pH
IgA flushing |
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review of natural immunity
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complement
lactoferrin & transferrin: iron binding proteins interferons NK cells neutrophils macs toll like R's: PRRs recognize PAMPs - LPS, pep, flagillin, porins, lipoteichoic acids, others |
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inflammatory response review
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increased fluid flow to lymphatics
increased level of phagocytes, complement, Abs at infection site deposition of fibrin initiation of specific immune response |
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types of pathogens
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primary: easily cause infections in immunocometent hosts
- vibrio cholerae, neisseria gonorrhaea, HIV, Giardia duodialis & lamblia opportunistic: less likely to cause infections in immunocompetent hosts - pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF - Pneumocystis Jiroveci: fungi in AIDs - cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in transplantation - toxoplasma gandii: parasite in pregnancy |
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exotoxin cell types
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gram + and -
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endotoxin cell types
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gram -
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exotoxin production
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secretion
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endotoxin production
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cell lysis
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exotoxin & endotoxin pyrogenic
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exo: no *
endo: yes |
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exo & endotoxin composition
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exo: protein
endo: LPS (lipid A) |
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exo & endo heat labile
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exo: yes *
endo: no |
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exo & endo inducing antitoxin
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exo: yes
endo: no |
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exo & endo conversion to toxoid
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exo: yes
endo: no |
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exo & endo toxicity
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exo: high ; potent
endo: low; takes more to cause death |
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exo & endo specificity
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exo : high *
endo: low |
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exo & endo shock
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exo: no *
endo: yes |
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* superantigens
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indicates exceptions for E. coli ST & Staph enterotoxin
superantigens: molecules that stimulate a large # of T cells by binding to MHC class II molecules & outside region of the variable region of the T cell Receptor, resulting in nonspecific polycloncal t cell activation - Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin - staphylococcal enterotoxins : food poisoning - streptococcal pyrogenic toxins: scarlet fever APC produces IL-1 & TNF-a Th cell produces IL2, IFN-g, & TNF-B |
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representative exotoxins
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clostridium botulinum e. coli |
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corynebacterium diphtheriae
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diphtheria
by inactivation of EF-2 by ADP ribosyltion Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes abscesses by same action |
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Clostridium botulinum
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causes botulism by blocking releasse of Ach
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E coli causes
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diarrhea by LT elevation of cAMP & ST elevation of cGMP
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AB exotoxins
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2 components
A=active; binds G protein & causes ADP ribosylation; AC becomes unregulated & increases cAMP and causes excretion of H20 & electrolytes = watery diarrhea - toxic portion ; binds to B; enzymatic activity B= binds to specific R in human; A released & enters cell and A gets into cytoplasm |
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examples of AB exotoxins
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Diphtheria
botulism tetanus shiga toxin of Shigella & E. coli anthrax |
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activities of Endotoxin & superantigens; selected biological effects
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sAg & LPS
- activate macs that release IL-1 - activate classical & alternate complement pathways; causing local tissue damage & inflammation & pain - activate platelet activating factor - activate macs that release TNF - activate macs that release TNF, IL2, IL6, IL 8, prostaglandins & others |
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IL1 released from macs stimulated by sAg or LPS cause
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B & T cell proliferation
liver to make acute phase proteins hypothalamus induces fever endothelial cells release TNF, IL1, 6, 8 and prostaglandins that activatte neutrophils activates platelet activating factor that results in shock |
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actions of platelet activating factor released by LPS or sAg
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shock
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TNF released from macs stimulated by sAg or LPS cause
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decreased BP & glucose causing shock
B & T cell proliferation liver makes acute phase proteins hypothalamus produces fever activates coagulation (intravascular thrombosis) resulting in DIC bone marrow suppression that decreases WBC T & B cell activation also stimulates macs to release TNF, IL ,6,8 and prostaglandins that cause T & B cel activation and activattes neutrophils |
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invasiveness
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adhesion: pili, cell wall proteins, sIgA protease
Resistance to phagocytosis: capsules, cell wall proteins survival witthin phagocytes: Listeria, mycobacterium, legionella, salmonella, shigella - obligate ic parasites & facultative ic parasites extracellular enzymes: proteases, lipases, collagenases, leukocidins - spreading factors |
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normal microbiota : bacteria, fungi, viruses, of human body
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microbiome: collective genomes of all microbes on/in human body
about 100x human genes |
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importance of microbiota
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protective barrier
nutrition: vitamin (k, biotin), obesity diseases: documented & theoretical - opportunistic infections, UTIs, dental carries, endocarditis, anaerobic infections immunity - innate, modulation & regulation may have something to do with things like - IBD, allergies, asthma, obesity, anxiety, depression, autism, cancer, autoimmunity, 1 & 2 diabetes, BP reg, schiz |
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major microbiota in blood
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sterile
transiet low level bactteremia from minor trauma like brushing teeth |
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microbiota in skin & external ear
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium acnes Staphylococcus aureus minor: Corynebacterium Peptococcus gram negative bacilli: e. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella, proteus, acinettobactter yeasts fungi |
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microbiota in eye (conjuntiva)
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Haemophilus
Streptococcus minor: Corynebacterium moraxella sttaphyloccocus neisseria |
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microbiota in mouth
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Sttreptococcus mutans
Streptococcus salivarius Actinomyces Porphyromonas Prevotella Fusobacterium Candida albicans minor moraxeella veillonella other anaerobes |
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microbiota in nose & nasopharynx
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Staphylococcus auerus
Streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus neisseria Staphylococcus epidermidis mycoplasma anaerobes mnor corynebacterium |
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microbiota in stomach
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helicobacter pylori
minor: transiet oral bacteria |
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microbiota in SI
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bacteroides
variable throughout minor lacttobacillus streptococcus bifidobacterium |
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microbiota in colon
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bactteroides
clostridium enterococcus faecalis streptococcus other anaerobes peptostreptococcus present in low numbers: enterobacteriaceae: E coli, proteus, enterobacter candida & other yeasts minor: bifidobacterium eubacterium lactobacillus peptococcus |
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microbiota in vagina (childbearing years)
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lactobacillus
E coli streptococcus agalactiae group B strep Gardnerella anaerobes: peptococcus, bacteroides, peptostreptococcus, clostridium mycoplasmas candida |
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placent microbiota
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similar to mouth
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urethra microbiota
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e coli
staph epidermidis minor lactobacillus propionibacterium bacteroides |
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causes of disease by normal microbiota
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immunosuppression: cancer, transplantation
exttracorporeal devides: kidney dialysis catheterization: UTI, bacteremia Abs: superinfections, resistance surgery: post surgical infections other diseases: AIDS, diabetes old age: decreased immune response trauma: wounds possibly related to birth disorders: pre term? |
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exogenous sources of nosocomial pathogens
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health care personnel: WASH HANDS
contaminated fomites: colds contaminated air: dust, droplets - legionella, mycobacterium, bactterial spores, fungal spores |
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direct disease transmission
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person to person
sexual: STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia, AIDS droplet: Legionella,mycobacterium, colds, influenze, meningitis kissing: colds, herpes congential: HIV, listeria, syphilis |
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indirect disease transmission
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person to person; environment to person
fomites: colds, influenze food & water: E coli, salmonella, cholera, giardia, biological warfar agents air: colds, influenza, TB, hantavirus, Q fever, histtoplasmosis, biological warfare agents arthropods, animals: rabies, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever |
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probiotics
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live beneficial microorganisms found in human gut & elsewhere
- Bifidobacterium bifidus, Saccharomyces boulardii; lacttobacillus acidophilus, yogurt & other fermented foods purpose: restore normal microbiota mode of action: proposed - up/down regulation of varioius metabolic pathways in existing normal microbiota; esp carb met |
