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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up a pyruvate? How much ATP is yielded?
How much ATP does fatty acid yield? |
pyruvate - acetyl CoA (12 ATP) + NADH (3 ATP) - 15 ATP total
Fatty acid - 129 ATP |
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What are the key enzymes for gylcolysis? Gluconeogensis?
What are their allosteric inhibitors and activators? |
glycolysis - phosphofructokinase 1 and 2. inhibitor - ATP citrate. activator - AMP fructose 2,6-dp
gluconeogenesis - fructosediphosphatase 1 and 2. inhibitor - AMP fructose 2,6-dp. activator ATP citrate |
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What is the key enzyme for lipolysis? fat mobilization? lipid synthesis? cholesterol synthesis?
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lipolysis - carnitine acyltransferase
fat - hormone sensitive lipase lipid - acetyl-CoA carboxylase cholesterol - HMG CoA reductase |
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What are the key enzymes for ketone body synthesis? purine synthesis? citric acid cycle?
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ketone - HMG CoA synthase
purine - amidotransferase citric - pyruvate dehydrogenase 1 and citrate synthase 2 |
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What increases 17-ketosteroids? 17-hydroxysteroids?
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keto-11-hydroxylase deficiency, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Cushings syndrome, androgen producing adrenal or gonadal tumors
hydroxy - 11-hydroxylase deficiency, Cushing's syndrome |
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What is produced in the Zona glomerulosa? Fasciculata? reticularis?
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glom - mineralocorticoids
fasc - glucocorticoids ret - androgens - estrogens |
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What is produced in the Testis (Leydig cells)?
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androgens (testosterone)
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What is produced in the Ovary (Theca cells)?
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Androgens (testosterone)
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What is produced in the Ovary (Granulosa cells)
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androgens converted to estrogens
androstenedione - estrone testosterone - estradiol 17b |
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peripheral metabolism of estrogens produces?
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estriol
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What is happening in the corpus luteum?
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pregnenolone is converted to 17a-oh-pregnenolone by 17a and progesterone by 3b
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What results from a 17-a-hydroxylase deficiency?
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increase in mineralocorticoids.
shuts off shunt to produce glucocorticoids and androgens males - ambiguous genitalia females - primary amenorhea at pubert |
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What results from 21-a-hydroxylase deficiency?
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increase in androgens
males - precocious puberty (increased DHEA) females - ambiguous genitalia (increased DHEA) salt wasting - 50-60% of pts (lack aldosterone) |
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What is seen with 11-b-Hydroxylase deficiency?
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lack of mineralocorticoids and glucocortidcoids. Increased androgens
Males - percocious puberty (increased androgens) females - ambiguous genitalia (increased androgens) salt retention - HPTN, HypoKalemia |
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What effect does insulin have on fat, sugar, proteins?
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f - synthesis
s - uptake (muscle, fat), glycolysis (liver, muscle), glycogen synthesis (liver, muscle) P - synthesis |
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What are the purines? pyrimidines?
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purines - adenine, guanine
pyrimidines - uracil, cytosine, thymine |
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How are purines made?
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from scratch (de novo) from amino acids or can be recycled
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How are pyrimidines made?
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like purines:
from scratch or recycled |
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What is the role of the repressor protein?
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regulatory protein that bind to the operator and prevents transcription
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What is the role of transcription factor in eukaryotes?
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binds to TATA box (part of promoter)
RNA polymerase does not recognize promoter in absence of transcription factor. |
