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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are myeloma cells and what do they produce?
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Comprise multiple myelomas (cells of plasma cell tumors in marrow)
produce: excess intact IgG or IgA, and excess light chains osteoclast activating factor (IL-6) which produces osteolytic lesions (punch-out lesions in bone) IL-1 (another potent osteoclast activator) |
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What is Waldenstrom's?
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Primary Macroglobulinemia comprised of flame cells.
hyperviscosity due to the overproduction of IgM - thickening the blood. fatigue, weakness, skin/mucosal bleeding, headache, visual problems, neuro problems |
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What is Plebothrombosis and what are the risk factors?
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clots in veins
risk factors are known as Virchow's Triad 1) blood stasis 2) hypercoagulability 3) endothelial cell damage |
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What is atherosclerosis and what is the cause?
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Lesions that form in primarily large and medium sized arteries from the deposition of LDL-cholesterol onto the intima of blood vessels.
Subsequent accumulation of foam cells (cholesterol that can't be digested) and inflammatory mediators. 1)decreased luminal dimensions. 2)atrophy of media - vessel wall weakening 3)attracts platelets that form a platelet clot when damaged |
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What is the difference between hyperplastic and hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
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hyperplastic - results from malignant HPTN. Effects small arteries and arterioles. Characterized by onion skin hyperplasia (multiple layers of media - represents medial hyperplasia which causes progressive narrowing of the lumen.
hyaline - results from inflammation and "use" - HPTN, old age, Diabetes. Over time vessel BM becomes thick - narrowing lumen. Affects small arteries and arterioles - nephrosclerosis when associated with kidney. |
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What is vasculitis and what vessels are involved with different types?
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inflammation of blood vessel walls. 2 types - 1) arteritis (arteries) and 2) phlebitis (veins)
Large Vessel - Giant cell, Takayasu Medium Vessel - Polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki, Thromboangiitis obliterans small vessels (mainly capillaries) - Wegener's, Henoch-Schonlein, Hypersensitivity arteritis, Churg-Strauss, Microscopic polyangiitis, Thromboangiitis obliterans |
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What is the difference between Polyarteritis nodosa and Microscopic polyagngiitis?
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PAN - transmural necrotizing inflammation of arterial walls. WBC invade to cause inflammation. Secondary to HBV, HCV, Hairy cell. Wide scattered involvement. Does not cause glomerulonephritis (it's a capillary)
MP - similary to PAN histologically except it involves small blood vessels. Usually a reaction to drugs. +p-ANCA. Causes severe glomerulonephritis (progress to RPGN) |
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What is Giant cell arteritis?
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granulomatous inflammation of vessel walls (aorta, carotid, vertebral, temporal) - can cause temporal arteritis.
TETRAD - fever, fatigue, temporal headache, hi sed rate (acute inflammation - fibrinogen deposits on RBC) |
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What is the presentation of Churg-Strauss?
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features granulomas and whole vessel wall affected, massive eosinophil invasion.
affects mostly skin, nerves, muscle and LUNG/HEART. causes severe, recurrent asthma-like attacks and lung inflitrates - resembles asthma death occurs by way of coronary vessel destruction with/without myocarditis. most common in history of astma |
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What is Behcet's Syndrome
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vasculitis of veins and venules.
Recurrent painful oral and genital ulcerations ay cause life-threatening brain and gastointestinal damage; high risk for DVT/PE ancient Silk Route Males more severe + anti-human oral mucosa Ab |
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What is the most common intracranial aneurysm?
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Berry
in Circle of Willis more common in adult Polycystic Kidney Disease may rupture at times of increased blood pressure - subarachnoid hemorrhage |
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What is Aortic Dissection?
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Intimal tears and splits between laminar planes of media, allowing for collection of blood within the aortic wall.
Does not cause a bulge - aorta gets wider. Can rupture to cause massive hemorrhage and death or can dissect towards arterial branches, causing their occlusion major risk factor is HPTN; marfan's |
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Aneurysms of aortic arch?
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cause an actual bulging
can cause dyspnea, due to compression of respiratory structures. recurrent, persistent cough due to pressure on recurrent laryngeal nerves. heart failure if the aneurysm has caused aortic regurge rupture and death. |
