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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the inner and outer layers of G- and G+?
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+ Thick inner peptidoglycan layer and teichoic outer layer
- thin inner peptidoglycan layer and lipopolysaccharide outer layer (lipid bilayer) |
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What is the difference between mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and spores?
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bacteria - mycolic acid in cell wall (resists decoloration of gram stain)
plasma - no cell wall. contains cholesterol (only one) spores - dipicolinic acid (keratin coat). resists heat, dehydration, and chemicals |
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Compare/contrast endotoxins and exotoxins
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endo - lipopolysacchs,non-specific, from G- and are poorly antigenic. Heat stable. TNF,IL1 - fever, shock.
exo - polypeptides, specific. toxoids used as vaccine, usually heat labile. G+ and G-, are proteins and can be neutralized by antibodies |
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Whats the difference between aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and microaerophilics?
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aerobes - require O2 and cannot ferment (M. Tuber., P Aeur., nocardia)
obligate anaerobes - ferment and are killed by O2 (C. Jejuni, Brucella abortus) micro - grow best at low O2, but also grow without it. (clostridium, actinomyces) |
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What are the most common causes for penumonia, bacterial meningitis, and diarrhea?
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p - infant - RSV
young adults - mycoplasma elderly - strep pneumo BM - neonates - E.Coli,strep agalactia, listeria adults - N Meningitidis>strep pneumo elderly strep pneumo>N Meningitidis Diarrhea - children - rotovirus adults - campylobacter travelers - E.Coli, shigella, salmonella |
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What is Staphylococci bacteria?
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Gram+ cocci that grow in grape like clusters. Catalase + - so it converts 2H2O2 into H2O + O2.
Coagulase distinguishes Staph Aureus and causes blod clotting. |
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What is Streptococci bacteria?
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Gram+ cocci that grow in chains. Catalase -. grow better on enriched media and require a narrow temperature range. Cause a characteristic pattern of RBC hemolysis. Lancefield antigens determine the group.
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What is the difference between Beta, Alpha, and Gamma hemolytic strep?
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B - complete hemolysis (clear halo). Strep pyogenes (group A) - pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever, bacitracin sensitive. Other streps (B-T) - neonatal sepsis, meningitis, bacitracin insensitive
A - incomplete hemolysis (green halo) - Pneumococcus - classic lobar pneumo. Bile soluble, optochin sensitive. Strep Viridans - endocarditis - bile insoluble, optochin insensitive. G - no hemolysis - enterococci (Group D) - UTI |
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What are the two types of Neisserias?
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bean shaped, Gram - diplocci
Meningococcus - has capsule, ferments maltose, gram stain of CSF is diagnostic, tx: pen g. meningitis (6-24 mos), Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Gonococcus - has pilus, does not ferment maltose, Tx: ceftriaxone male: dysura, purulent discharge female: endocervical infection, salpingitis, infertility |
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What is Bacilli and what are the different types?
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Bacilli refers to any rod-shaped bacteria. Gram+ spor-forming aerobic rod.
acid fast - mycobacteria non acid fast G- : E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, etc G+ spore-forming aerobic - bacillus anaerobic - clostridium nonspore forming - listeria, corynebacteria |
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What are the different G+ bacilli?
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Bacillus anthracis - Aerobe +, Toxin +, Spores + - anthrax, woolsorters dx, fried rice poisoning
Corynebacterium - aerobe +, toxin +, spore -, diptheria Listeria - aerobe+, toxin -, spore - , sepsis, meningitis clostridium - aerobe - , toxin +, spore +, tetanus, botulism lactobacillus - aerobe -, toxin -, spore - |
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What is Clostridia and its different types?
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anaerobe spore-forming rods found in the soil.
Botulinum - motile, types A-G (different exotoxins) Tetani - motile, 10 types (same exotoxins) Perfringens - nonmotile, alpha - lecithinase - gas gangrene. enterotoxin (heat labile) - food poisoning. |
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What is the difference between botulism and tetanus?
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B - nausea, vomiting, ab cramps precede neuro symptoms. Dry mouth, diplopia, loss of pupillary reflexes, followed by descending paralysis and resp failure.
T - toxin enters CNS along peripheral nerves. incubation 5-10 days. Stiffness of jaws, difficulty swallowing, fever, headache. risus sardonicus - fixed smile and elevated eyebrows. severe spasms of neck, back, and ab muscles. |
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What is enterobacteriaceae and what are the different types?
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facultative anaerobe, G- rod. Most common cause of UTI and major cause of diarrhea.
E.coli - motile, lactose + - most common cause UTI, neonatal meningitis Salmonella - motile, lactose - : food poisoning, enteric fever Shigella - nonmotile, lactose -, no gas - dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei, watery diarrhea followed by fever, bloody stools and cramps Proteus - motile, urease - UTI, urease production - ammonium calculi. Proteus does not cause gastroenteritis Klebsiella - nonmotile, encapsulated. Community acquired - like classic lobar pneumo, currant jelly sputum. Hospital - UTI, RTI, wound infections |
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What is the difference between vibrio cholera, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and campylobacter jejuni?
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Cholera - rice watery diarrhea (non bloody). Tx: tetracycline
para - diarrhea from raw seafood. self limited campy - watery, foul smelling stools - later may become bloody. Tx: erythromycin, aminoglycosides. |
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What types of plagues does Yersinia pestis cause?
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bubonic plague - rodents-fleas-humans. Large, very tender lymph nodes.
pulmonary plague - humans to humans Tx: streptomycin, tetracycline |
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What are the two types of Hemophilus bacilli?
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influenza - bronchitis, meningitis
ducreyi - chancroid |
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What is mycobacteria tuberculosis?
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slow respiratory infection. Primary lesion a Ghon complex (primary lung lesion + calcified hilary lymph node)
reactivation favor upper lobes (most morbidity) liquefying necrosis - cavity formation |
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What is the difference between Actinomyces and Nocardia?
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A - anaerobes - growths in normal mouth flora. Lump jaw - following tooth extraction, inflammatory sinuses - discharge to surface, sulfur granules. Tx: PCN, surgical drain.
N - aerobe, growths in soil. SubQ tissue infections - minor trauma. Pulmonary infections - inhaled dust/soil. Tx: sulfonamides, surgical drain |
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What are the different spirochetes and what do they cause?
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T. Pallidum - syphillis - Pen G
B. Burgdorferi - Lyme Dx - doxycycline, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin B recurrentis - relapsing fever - tetracycline L interrogans - leptospirosis - Pen G |
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What are the different types of chlamydia?
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Pneumo - "walking pneumo" - tetracycline
trachomatis - urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum(large/tender inguinal nodes), trachoma (chronic conjunctivitis leading to blindness) - tetracycline psittaci - penumo from bird feces - tetracycline |
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life cycle of chlamydiae
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A) elementary body infects cell (attaches to cell membrane and enters the cell by endocytosis)
B) elementary body then transforms into a large initial body (reticulate body=visible cytoplasmic inclusions) C) initial body condenses and forms many new elementary bodies that are released when cell ruptures. |
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What are the 3 types of typhus rickettsia?
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epidemic - R. Prowazekii
vector - lice reservoir humans endemic - R. Typhi vector - fleas reservoir - rodents scrub - R. Tsutsugamushi vector - mite reservoir - rodents |
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What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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R. Rickettsiae.
vector - ticks reservoir - dogs, rodents fever, headache, conjunctival redness rash appears first on the wrists and later spreads to trunk. |
