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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the acquired bone diseases? congenital?
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Acquired - Osteoporsis, Osteomalacia, Pagets. Diagnosis made by x-ray and labs
Congenital - osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, achondroplasia |
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What is Paget's disease?
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Gradual enlargement and deformation of bone with increased osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Bones become brittle and have a mosaic pattern on xray. Acquired disease.
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What are the different cartilage tumors?
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Benign
osteochondroma - developmental defect, exostosis at metaphyseal prjection enchondroma - may develop into chondrosarcoma, cartilage within bone chondroblastoma - benign, femur, tibia, humerus epiphysis malignant condrosarcoma - spine, pelvic bones, slower growing |
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What are the benign/malignant tumors of bone?
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B
osteoma - skull osteoid sarcoma - painful, tibia/femur (diaphysis) osteoblastoma - larger than osteoid but painless, may be malignant M osteosarcoma - highly malignant, metaphysis of long bones, Codmans triangle Ewings - very agressive, young males, pelvis and long bones, within marrow cavity, onion skin appearance |
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What is Codman's triangle
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Triangular area of new subperiostal that is created when a tumor, most typically an osteosarcoma, raises the periosteum from the bone
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What is the differences between Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy?
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D - X linked, absent dystrophin protein. More severe, pelvic girdle weakness, pseudohypertophy of calves. presents in boys 3-7. Proximal muscle weakness. increased serum CPK
B - x linked, abnormal dystrophin protein. less severe, may walk until age 20-25 |
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What are the different brain tumors?
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Neural tube - astrocytoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, oligoendroblastoma
neural crest - meningioma, schwannoma, neurofibroma ectoderm - craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma mesoderm - lymphoma, lipoma, hemangioblastoma |
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What is the difference between Parkinson's, ALS, and Huntingtons?
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P - bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, dopamine depletion (caudate, putame). Lewy bodies
A - rapidly progressive, degeneration of corticospinal tract (UMN), degeneration of alpha motorneurons (LMN) H - chorea, athetoid movements, atrophy of caudate, putamen and frontal cortex. |
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What is the difference between MS and Guillain-Barre?
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MS - onset 20-40, cool/temperate climate, oligoclonal bands
GB - peripheral nerves (mainly motor), autoimmune, often following viral infections |
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What are the different types of pituitary hyperfunction?
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eosinophils
prolatctin - M - decreased libido, impotence. F - glactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertile. GH - young - gigantism. adult - acromegaly basophile ACTH - Cushings Dx - most common cause of Cushings syndrome |
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What are Cushings and Conn adenomas?
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Both are adenomas of the cortex.
Cushings - increased glucocorticoids. moon face, buffalo hump. truncal obesity, skin striae, osteoporosis, low glucose tolerance Conn - increased mineralocorticoids. hypernatremia - hypervolemia - high BP. Potassium loss - muscle weakness |
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What are the different types of hyperthyroid/hypothyroid
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hyper
graves - lymphocytes, small follicles, little colloid plummers - hyperplasia, hypertrophy, colloid accumulation hypo goiter - hyperplasia, hypertrophy hashimoto - lymphocytes, plasma cells, atrophic follicles, little colloid Riedels - fibrous replacement. |
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What are the malignant thyroid tumors?
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papillary - younger, w radiation exposure, psammoma bodies.
follicular - adenomatous pattern. more aggressive than papillary anaplastic - undifferentiated, poor prognosis medullary - parafollicular (c cells) |
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What are the features of the parathyroid diseases?
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hyper - primary - adenoma. secondary - chronic renal failure, Vit D deficiency
hypo - thyroidectomy, DiGeroge, PTH low, Ca low pseduohypo - receptor defect, short stature, short metacarpal bones, PTH elevated, Ca low pseudopseudo - PTH/Ca normal |
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What are the differences between type 1/2 diabetes?
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1 - uncommon, juvenile onset, prone to ketoacidosis, possible viral etiology. Weak genetic prdisposition (HLA DR3/4). Auto-immune. Decreases Beta cells.
2 - common, adult onset, not prone to ketoacidosis. inadequate insulin secretion. Obesity, insulin resistance. Strong genetic predisposition. Hyalinization of islets. |
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What are the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias?
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MEN is inherited autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. MEN 1 is due to a loss of tumor suppressor genes. Neoplasia arises when the second, healthy allele of this gene mutates
MEN1 - adrenal cortex - pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas MEN2 - adrenal medulla - thyroid medulla, parathyroid MEN3 - adrenal medulla - thyroid medulla, mucosal neuromas, marfanoid features |
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What are the benign/malignant skin tumors?
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B
seborrheic keratosis - brownish/gray, scaly, greasy keratoacanthoma - rapidly growing pink paapula, looks like SCC actinic karatosis - crusty, red papule; premalignant M BCC - pearly gray papule SCC - erythematous, scaly or oozing ulcer, Bowen's Dx: SCC in situ melanoma - brown, black, red, white, purple, irregular borders. Lentigo maligna: horizontally. Nodular melanoma: grows vertically. |
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What is the difference between pemphigus and pemphigoid?
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gus - vesicles on mucosa, autoantibody against intercellular junctions of keratinocytes.
goid - larger bullae on abdomen and groin |
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Match Toxin with pathology:
cadmium cobalt chromium lead mercury arsenic asbestos aromatic amines benzene vinyl chloride alpha-amanitin CO cyanide |
cadmium - honeycomb pneumonitis
cobalt - cardiomyopathy chromium - lung Ca lead - inhibits heme synth, RTA mercury - neurotox, Prox tub necr arsenic - Lung ca asbestos - mesothelioma aromatic - bladder ca benzene - leukemia vinyl - liver angiosarcoma alpha - fulminant hep co - carboxyhemoglobin cyanide - inhibits mitochondrial cytochromes - loss of O2 utilization |
