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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the main causes of pulmonary edema?
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increased hydrostatic pressure
left heart failure, mitral stenosis, Pulmonary vein obstruction decreased oncotic pressure lymphatic obstruction microvascular injury - infection, toxins, shock, radiation |
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What causes the different types of pneumonia:
Bronchopneumonia lobar pneumonia (classic) atypical pneumonia Legionnaire's disease |
B - Haemophilus, Pseudomonas
LP - Pneumococcus, Klebsiella A - viral, Mycoplasma (young adults, college) LD - Legionella (elderly via water reserves) |
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What are the non-smoking related lung tumors?
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benign - adenoma, leiomyoma, hamartoma
carcinoid - potentially malignant, carcinoid syndrome suggests widespread metastasis adeno CA - peripheral, weakly related to smoking |
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What are the smoking related lung tumors?
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squamous CA - central, strong correlation with smoking, paraneoplastic: PTH like peptide
small cell CA - central, hormone producing, aggressive, paraneoplastic: ACTH, ADH large cell CA - peripheral, poorly differentiated adeno or squamous CA |
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What is the difference in nephrotic and nephritic syndromes
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nephrotic - severe prteinuria, hpoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, edema
adults: membranous GN children: minimal change GN nephritic: hematuria, RBC casts post strep GN |
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What are the good prognosis GN? Poor prognosis?
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good - minimal change (childrean - loss of foot processes), diffuse proliferative (subepithelial deposits)
poor - membranous (young adults - thickened GBM), membrano-proliferative (tram track), focal segmental (IgM deposits), rapidly progressive (crescents) |
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What is the most common cause for kidney stones?
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Calcium - precipitates alkaline urine - tx: thiazide, K phosphate
others: Mg-NH3-phosphate - staghorn calculi uric acid - gout cystine - congenital defect |
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Causes of vernereal diseases:
trichomoniasis gonorrhea non-gonococcal urethritis lyymphogranuloma venereum granuloma inguinale chancroid syphillis 1,2,3 condyloma acuminatum herpes |
T - trichomonas vaginalis
G - Neisseria gonorrhoeae Non - Chlamydia trachomatis L - Chlamydia trachomatis Gran - C. Donofani Chan - Hemophilus ducreyi S - Trepnema Pallidum Condy - HPV herp - HSV2 or 1 |
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Which scrotal masses are malignant? Benign?
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M- testicular masses
B - extra-testicular |
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What is the difference between serous and mucinous ovarian tumors?
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both are surface epithelial tumors with cysts.
serous has ciliated epithelium mucinous has non ciliated epithelium. |
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What are the types of endometrial proliferation?
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polyps - excessive bleeding, rarely malignant
hyperplasia - excessive bleeding, premalignant carcinoma - adenocarcinoma, asymptomatic or bleeding |
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Coomplete vs Partial Hydatidiform mole
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C - no embryo or placenta, 46 XX of paternal origin
P - embryo and placenta are present, triploid or tetraploid karyotype |
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what is the difference between fibrocystic breast change and breast cancer?
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Fibro - often bilateral, multiple nodules, menstrual variation, regress during preggers
cancer - often unilateral, single mass, no cyclic variations |
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What does Vit c deficiency cause? Vit B2? Bit B12?
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C - bleeding gums
B2 - glossitis, cheilosis B12 - smooth beefy red tongue |
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difference between Pulsion (Zenker) Diveticula and Traction Diverticula?
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Z - false (mucosa only), at junction of pharynx/esophagus, dysphagia, regurge
T - true (all layers), mid part of esophagus, asymptomatic |
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What is the difference between Type A and B chronic Gastritis
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A - fundal - autoimmune, pernicious anemia, achlorhydria
B - antral - H. pylori |
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What are the genetic pedigrees for colon polyposis:
familial adenomatous gardner's turcot's peutz-jeghers |
F - AD
G - AD T - AR PJ - AD |
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Crohn's vs Ulcerative Colitis
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C - rectum often spared, ileum often involved
skip lesions, transmural granulomas, strictures and fissures more pain, less bleeding |
UC - begins at rectum and progresses toward ileocecal junction
continuous, mucosa/submucosa only crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps more bleeding, less pain increased risk of colon cancer, toxic megacolon |
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Difference between GB and Bile Duct cancers?
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GB - female, cholelithiasis, porcelain GB (calcium deposits in wall, high risk of malignancy)
BD - male, chronic infections, liver fluke (clonorchis sinesis) |
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What are the types of jaundice?
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prehaptic - hemolysis - unconjugated bilirubin
hepatic - hapatitis - con/unconjugated posthepatic - cholestasis - cojugated |
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Which types of Hepatitis are fecal/oral route? Parenteral?
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FO - Hep A/E
P - Hep B/C/Delta |
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What do the Hep B markers indicate?
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HBeAg - infection
HBsAg - early marker/ carrier anti-HBsAg - recovery/immunity anti-HBcAg - window period |
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Difference between the types of liver cancer:
metastatic hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma |
M - most common - from breast, lung, colon
H - 90% of primary cancers - HBV and HCV aflatoin, increased AFP C - 10% of primary cancers - common in Asia due to liver flukes |
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Difference between osteoarthritis and rhuematoid arthritis
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OA - women>men
loss of cartilage narrow joint space increased density of subchondral bone osteophyte formation knees, hips, spine distal interphalangeal joints joints stiffness after inactivity heberden's nodes |
RA - women 20-50
synovial membrane proliferation (pannus) erosions of cartilage and subchondral bone starts in small joints proximal interphalangeal joints metacarpophalangeal joints morning stiffness soft tissue swelling rheumatoid nodules rheumatoid factor: anti IgG |
