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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the preferred fuels in fed fast state in brain, RBC, cardiac, and skeletal muscle?
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brain: fed - glucose. fast - ketone bodies and glucose
RBC: glucose both Cardiac - both - glucose, lactic acid, ketone bodies, fatty acids skeletal - fed (exercising - glucose) (rest - fatty acid). fast = fatty acids, ketone bodies, glucose, amino acids |
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What is the process of glucose and ketone bodies during starvation?
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glycogen stores are exhausted in 10-18 hours (via glycogenolysis)
gluconeogenesis (creation of glucose from lactic acid, amino aid, fatty acid) begins in 4-6 hours after a few days, rate of fatty acid breakdown exceeds capacity of energy producing processes, yielding increased ketone bodies |
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What happens in vit A def? VIt C def?
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A - night blindness, skin disorders, resorption of fetus, growth retardation, loss of taste
C - scurvy (sore, spongy gums; loose teeth; fragile blood vessels) |
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What happens in Vit E, K, D deficiency?
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E - ataxia, hemolysis in infants
K - bleeding disorders D - rickets (kids), ostemalacia (adults), increased risk for osteoporosis, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, autism, MS, autoimmune |
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What happens in a thiamin (B1) deficiency?
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beriberi - wet (cardiomyopathy) and dry (dry skin, irritable)
wernicke's encephalopathy (ataxia, nystagmus, delirium/confusion, 6th cranial nerve palsy) Korsakoff dementia (severe memory loss, apathy, impaired thinking) Korsakoff psychosis (psychosis usually recalcitrant to anti-psychotics) infantile deficiency (convulsions and death of breast fed infants of thiamine-deficient moms) |
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What is the difference in B12 and folate deficiency
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B12 - macrocytic anemia, neuropathy (due to abnormal FA accumulation in neurons)
folate - macrocytic anemia, no neuropathy, glossitis, colitis, neural tube defects |
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What activates PFK2? PFK1?
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PFK2 - excess of fructose-6-P
PFK1 - the product of PFK2 (fructose--2,6-P) and insulin WHen PFK1 is activated, more fructose-6-P is metabolized to fructose-1,6-P, increasing glycolytic activity |
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What are the 4 key enzymes of gluconeogenesis?
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pyruvate carboxylase (converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate)
phophooenolpyruvate carboxykinase (converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate) fructose-1,6=bisphosphatase (converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate) glucose-6-phosphatase (converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose) |
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What happens if the TCA ccle is saturated?
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acetoacetyl CoA, a precursor to ketone bodies, are made
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What enzymes are responsible for turning IMP into GMP or AMP
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GMP - hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)
AMP - adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) |
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How many NADH are lost during Krebs cycle? FADH2?
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NADH - 3
FADH2 - 1 |
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How many ATP are made in glycolysis?
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2 ATP per glucose
2 ATPs (4 are made, but 2 are used) +2 NADHs + 2 pyruvates |
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How many ATP are made in Krebs cycle? ETC?
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Krebs - 2 ATP
ETC - 34 38 total ATP from ETC, Krebs, Glycolysis |
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What rate limiter allows pyruvate to become acetyl CoA + NADH?
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
if it becomes saturated - goes down a shunt to become lactic acid |
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Where is insulin secreted? Glucagon?
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I - pancreatic beta-islet cells. increased by glucose, amino acids, secretin; decreased by epi
G - secreted by pancreatic alpha cells. decreased by glucose, insulin; increased by hypoglycemia, amino acids, epi |
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What are the purines? pyrimidines?
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purines - adenine, guanine
pyrimidines - uracil, cytosine, thymine |
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What are the different types of RNA?
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mRNA - messenger RNA - product of transcription (copying) of a DNA strand. mRNA is what determines the amino acid sequence of proteins to be produced
tRNA - transfer RNA - transports certain amino acids to the ribosome for use in protein manufacture rRNA - ribosomal RNA - intimately involved with the structure of the ribosome |
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What is transcription? translation?
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transcription - reading a DNA strand to produce an RNA strand (mRNA)
translation - reading mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide (protein); occurs at the ribosome |
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What are the 3 RNA polymerases?
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1 - makes rRNA
2 - makes mRNA - later transcribed into protein 3 - makes tRNA |
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What is the role of 5'-cap in RNA processing?
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facilitates initiation of translation and helps to stabilize mRNA
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What joins with ligase to form the lagging strand?
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Okaaki fragments
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What is the major DNA polymerase?
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Polymerase 3
copies both parental strands, and only reads and copies parental strands in 3' to 5' direction has proofreading ability and 3' exonuclease activity to remove wrong nucleotides |
