Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder? Acquired?
|
Von Willebrands (aPTT prolonged, bleeding time prolonged)
Vitamin K deficiency (PT prolonged, fat malabsorption, antibiotics, coumarin therapy) |
|
|
What factors are associated with the Extrinsic pathway? Intrinsic? Where do they meet?
|
E - 7
I - 12, 11, 9, 8 Meet at 10 then form 5 from 5, prothrombin activator turns prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin activates fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
|
What are the key features of G6PD deficiency?
|
hemolysis during oxidative stress such as:
viral infections, fava beans, sulfa drugs, quinine, nitrournation Heinz bodies (hemoglobin degradation products) |
|
|
What is the difference between warm and cold antibody immune mediated anemias?
|
Warm - usually IgG, active at 37 C - caused by drugs, SLE, malignancy
Cold - usually IgM, active at 0-4 C - casued by mycoplasma pneumonia, mono, lymphoma |
|
|
Compare and contrast folate and B12 anemia.
|
both - megaloblastic anemia - hypochromic, macrocytic RBC - hypersegmented neutrophils
folate - anemia with no neuro symptoms B12 - anemia with neuro symptoms |
|
|
What are these RBCs associated with: Heinz bodies? Howell-Jolly bodies? basophile stippling? siderocytes? reticulocytes?
|
HB - G6PD deficiency
HJB - post splenectomy BS - lead poisoning S - iron overload, Pappenheimer bodies R - increased production/release of RBC, recovery from hemorrhage |
|
|
During what situations would you see a raise in each of the following: neutrophils? eosinophils? lymphocytes? monocytes?
|
N - acute infections, stress
E - allergies, asthma, parasitic infections L - TB, viral infections M - TB, malaria, rickettsia |
|
|
What would you see for the different Leukemias: ALL, AML, CML, CLL, hairy cell
|
ALL - lymphoblasts
AML - auer rods in myeloblasts CML - philadelphia chromosome CLL - lymphocytes predominate hairy - pancytopenia, TRAP |
|
|
What is the difference between Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas?
|
H - spreads in contiguity, no leukemic component, Reed-Sternberg cells
NH - does not spread in contiguity, has leukemic component in blood, more common |
|
|
Describe multiple myeloma.
|
malignant, usually IgG or IgA
has myeloma cells (>10% plasma cells infiltrating bone) osteoclast activating factor (punched out skull, pelvis) Bence Jones proteins, amyloidosis (tissue depost of lamba-chains) |
|
|
What is the difference between hyperplastic and hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
|
hyper - fibrinoid necrosis, malignant hypertension, onion skin hyperplasia
hyaline - diabetes mellitus, thickened basement membrane |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of arterioclerosis?
|
1) injury of vascular endothelium
2) lipid and platelets adhere to damaged surface 3) Leukocytes and platelets release growth factors - smooth muscle proliferation 4) macrophages become foam cells 5) foam cells aggregate to "fatty streaks", the beginning formation of an artherosclerotic plaque |
|
|
What are the key features of polyarteritis nodosa?
|
small and medium vessels
involve the kidneys, heart, muscles, skin can be fatal but will respond to steroids |
|
|
Which aneurysms are involved with the Aorta? Circle of Willis?
|
A - Atherosclerotic (ab), Syphilitic (ascending), Dissecting (ascending and descending)
CW - berry (congenital) |
|
|
What does a mitral regurge sound like? Mitral stenosis?
|
R - holosystolic murmur that transmit to the axilla (MI, acute rheumatic fever, endocarditis)
S - diastolic rumble (rheumatic heart dx, afib) |
|
|
What are the most common types of acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects?
|
A - Ventricular septal defect (L-R)
C - Tetralogy of Fallot (R-L) |
|
|
What are the 4 components of the Tetralogy of Fallot?
|
pulmonary artery stenosis
R ventricular hypertrophy overriding aorta ventricular septal defect |
|
|
What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
|
S - happens during exercise, has ST depression, relieved by rest and nitroglycerin
U - happens at rest or crescendo like, often leads to MI, no help from nitro Prinzmetal - also at rest, st elevated, Ca antagonists to treat |
|
|
How long after an MI do you tend to see a gray/firm scar?
|
about 8 weeks
|
|
|
What are the causes and consequences of Left and Right sided heart failure?
|
L - caused by ischemic heart dx, arterial HPTN, valvular dx
- consequences are pulmonary congestion, renal hypoperfusion R - caused by left sided heart failure, lund dx, primary pulmonary HPTN - consequences are increased venous pressure - edema, liver congestion, ascites |
|
|
What are the difference seen in acute and subacute endocartitis?
|
Both are infective endocarditis
A - staph aures, strep - previously normal valves - janeway lesions, high fever, chills, hematuria S - Strep viridans, gram neg bacilli, abnormal valves, roth spots, osler nodes, low grade fever |
|
|
What are the key features of fibrinous, serous, and suppurative pericarditis?
|
F - transmural myocardial infarction, dressler syndrome, bread and butter
serous - viral infections (Coxsackie), uremia suppurative - bacterial, fungal, parasitic infections |
|
|
What is the difference between Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart dx?
|
ARF - 1-4 weeks after tonsillitis group A beta-hemolytic strep
RHD - years after ARF - fibrotic, deformed, calcified lines of closure on valve leaflets |
|
|
What triggers extrinsic and intrinsic asthma?
|
ex - allergens
in - cold, exercise |
|
|
What is the REID index?
|
The ratio between the thickness of submucosal mucus secreting glands and the wall thickness between epithelium and cartilage of the bronchi. the ratio is larger in chronic?
|
|
|
What are the key features in Goodpasture Syndrome?
|
Type 2 hypersensitivity
antibodies against basal membrane hemoptysis rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis |
