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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiate between metabolic alk/acid and resp alk/acid
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metabolic alk - pH >7.45, increased bicarb, increased PCO2
met acid - pH<7.35, decreased bicarb, decreased PCO2 resp alk - pH>7.45, decreased PCO2, decreased bicarb resp acid - pH<7.35, increased PCO2, increased bicarb |
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What are the physiological hemoglobins?
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embryo - Gower 1
fetus - HbF adult - HbA, HbA2, HbA1c |
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describe the O2 binding curve
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right shift - reduced binding O2 - increased protons (low pH), increased CO2, increased 2,3 DPG, increased temp
left shift - tighter binding of O2 - fetal hemoglobin, myoglobin |
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What decreases albumin?
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malnutrition, liver failure, pregnancy
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What are the order of organ perfusion during rest? exercise?
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rest - kidney > brain, muscle > heart
exercise - muscle >> heart > brain > kidney |
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What keeps the ductus arteriosis open?
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prostaglandins
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What happens to K+ and H+ during plasma acidosis and alkalosis?
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acid - H into the cell, K out of the cell
alk - H out of the cell, K into the cell |
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Describe the recovery of bicarb in prox tubule
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H is secreted (in exchange for Na) and combines with tubular HCO3 forming H2CO3 which dissocites into H2O and CO2. CO2 diffuses into the cell and is split back into H for secretion and HCO3 which then is transported through the basolateral membrane into the peritubular space
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What happens to GFR with afferent and efferent contraction?
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afferent - decreases GFR
efferent - increases GFR |
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What are the receptors and mechanisms involved with osmoregulation? volume regulation?
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osmo - hypothalamus - results in thirst, ADH release
volume reg - baroreceptors, macula densa - volume loss results in symp activation, renin release from JGA |
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when is renin released?
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blood pressure at JG cells is low
NaCl delivery to macula densa is low |
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What are the 3 major cell types form the of the JG apparatus?
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1) macula densa cells - measures NaCl
2) specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole (=JG cells = granular cells) 3) mesangial cells |
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where are carbs absorbed? AA? iron? B12? bile salts?
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carbs - duodenum, jejunum
AA - duodenum, jejunum Fe - duodenum B12 - terminal ileum bile salts - terminal ileum |
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What are the major cells in the stomach and what do they secrete?
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chief - pepsinogen - fundus and corpus
parietal - HCl, intrinsic factor - fundus and corpus mucus - mucus - fundus and corups or antrum G cells - gastrin - antrum |
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What does oxytocin do?
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uterus contraction, breast milk release
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differentiate Conn syndrome and Addison's
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Conn - hyperalodosteronism - K depletion, HPTN, not edematous, not hypernatremic, weakness, tetany
Addisons - K retention, Na loss (HPoTN), H retention ( met acid), pigmentation |
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what hormones are released in the adrenal cortex? medulla?
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cortex - minearlocorticoids (glomerulosa), glucocorticoids (fasciculata), androgenic steroids (reticularis)
medulla - NE, Epi |
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What are the roles of FSH and LH in the ovaries? Testes?
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FSH:
ovaries - follicle maturation testes - spermatogenesis LH: ovaries - triggers ovulation, luteinization of follicle testes - testosterone secretion (Leydig cells) |
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By what month do most children get the ability to walk alone?
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15 months
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What are the major ideas of psychological development?
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Freud - mental processes are the driving force motivating our behavior. Sexuality develops in stages, each stage focusing on a different body part.
Piaget - thinking process develops in sequential stages, each stage qualitatively different from the others Erikson - ego develops in stages over the entire lifetime. Each stage is characterized by a struggle that must be resolved before progressing to the next one |
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What are the decrees of MR?
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IQ 55-70 - mild
40-55 - moderate 25-40 - severe <25 - profound |
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What does classical conditioning work on? operant?
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C - works on reflexive behavior (ANS)
O - works on ANS or complex behavior |
