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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 criteria must be met in order to conclude that one variable causes or influences another variable: What are they?
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-Elimination of extraneous variable
-Directionality Covariation |
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What is Covariation?
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If one variable causes the other, then changes in the values of one variable should be associated with changes in values of the other variable.
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Directionality
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the presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time. (However, in most Correlational research, both variables are measured at the same time)
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Elimination of extraneous variable
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All extraneous factors that might influence the relationship between the two variables are controlled or eliminated→two variables may be correlated not because they are causally related to one another but because they are both related to a third variable (ex: loneliness and depression are strongly correlated but is it because of the third variable>quality of a person’s social network)
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Partial Correlation
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the correlation between two variables with the influence of one or more other variable statistically removed
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______ Correlation allows researchers to examine a third variable’s possible influence on the correlation between two other variables
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Partial
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equal differences between the numbers assigned to participants’ responses reflect equal differences between participants in the characteristic being measures.
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Interval and ratio scales
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most commonly used index of correlation…when bothe variables, x and y, are on a interval or ratio scale of measurement
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Pearson correlation coefficient
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used when one or both variables are measured on an ordinal scale
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Spearman rank-order correlation
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no true zero point
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Interval
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have a true zero point
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Ratio
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Ordinal scale
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the numbers reflect the rank ordering of participants on some attribute
Ex: teachers rank vs. IQ |
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when both variables being correlated are dichotomous
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Phi coefficient correlation:
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Dichotomous variable is measured on a
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nominal scale but only has two levels
Ex: correlation between gender and virginity |
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Dichotomous
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male vs. female, handedness, pass (y or n)
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