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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Microbiology. |
A specialized area of biology that deals with tiny life forms that are not readily observed without magnification.
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Define micro-organisms.
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Also called microbes, micro-organisms are living organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye.
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Identify the major organisms in Microbiology.
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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, archaea and helminths.
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What are helminths?
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Parasitic worms.
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What are the primary areas of study within microbiology?
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Immunology, Biotechnology, Public health Microbiology and epidemiology, Genetic engineering and Recombinant DNA technology, Food, Dairy & Aquatic Microbiology and Agricultural Microbiology.
(mnemonic - I Bring Puppies GReat Food Anytime) |
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What does immunology study?
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The complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities. Includes blood testing, vaccinations and allergies.
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What does biotechnology study?
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The processes that harnesses the actions of living things to arrive at a desired product, ranging from beer to stem cells. Industrial Microbiology uses microbes to produce and harvest large quantities of vaccines, vitamins, drugs and enzymes.
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What does Public health microbiology and epidemiology study?
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They monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities.
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What does genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology study?
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It involves deliberate alterations of the genetic makeup of organisms to create novel microbes, plants and animals with unique behavior and physiology such as a wheat plant resistant to a fungal pathogen.
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What is a cell without a nucleus and organelles called?
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Prokaryotic.
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What is a cell with a nucleus and organelles called?
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Eukaryotic.
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What does Food, Dairy & Aquatic Microbiology study?
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They examine the ecological and practical roles of microbes in food and water.
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What does agricultural microbiology study?
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It studies the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals.
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Are viruses cellular or not cellular?
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Not cellular.
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Most microorganisms are measured in micrometers. What are the two exceptions and how are they measured?
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Helminths are measured in millimeters and viruses are measured in nanometers.
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Which are larger, millimeters or nanometers?
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Millimeters.
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What are microorganisms essential to?
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The operation of the earth's ecosystems, as photosynthesizers, decomposers and recyclers.
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What are the basic characteristics of prokaryotes?
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Prokaryotic cells are only present in bacteria and archaea. They have no nucleus or organelles. They are unicellular. Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Much smaller than eukaryotes.
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What are the basic characteristics of Eukaryotes?
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They are found in animals, plants, fungi and protists. Their cells have a nucleus and organelles. They can be unicellular or multicellular.
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What are the evolutionary origins of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Prokaryotes appeared about 4 billion years ago. It is thought that by two or more of these prokaryotes joining, or surrounding another prokaryotic cell, led to the formation of eurkaryotes about 3 billion years ago.
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What's a virus?
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Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein.
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What are some ways that microorganisms may be applied to solve human problems?
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Microorganisms are used to make vaccinations to help keep humans from getting sick. Microorganisms can be altered to help engineer better/bigger plants to help feed our population. They can also be used to help clean up oil spills.
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Define what is meant as emerging and re-emerging diseases.
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These are diseases whose incidence has increased in a defined time period and location. If it is a new disease, it is considered emerging and if it was a disease from the past that was considered eradicated or controlled then it is re-emerging.
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Name some major events in microscopy.
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Invention of the microscope (discovery of microbes) - Leeuwehoek. Pasteur's experiment disproving "spontaneous generation" and the development of the Scientific Theory.
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What is the Scientific Method?
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1.Formulate a hypothesis 2. Conduct experiments 3. Analyze the data 4. Draw a conclusion 5. Communicate the results
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What's the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
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A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for something observed or measured. A Theory is a hypothesis that has been supported by data and survived rigorous scrutiny (proven).
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What is taxonomy?
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The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
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What is classification?
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An orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history.
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What is nomenclature?
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The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species.
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What is "identification"?
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The process of determining and recording the traits of organisms to enable their placement in an overall taxonomic scheme.
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How do you write, or type, a scientific name?
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Genus name is written first. It is capitalized and either underlined (when written) or italicized, when typed. The second name is the specific name. It is also either underlined or italicized but not capitalized.
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What is the binomial system?
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A consistent system of naming living things. The name itself identifies the living thing by it’s scientific characteristics. It is universal so all countries on Earth can recognize what the living thing is.
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Why is it beneficial to use scientific names for organisms?
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The scientific names identify the living things by their groups and characteristics, so their names themselves identify what they are. Because it is universal, all countries on the Earth understand and can identify the living thing.
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What is a pathogen?
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Any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.
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What is bacteria?
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A category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and a singular, circular chromosome. They are spherical, spiral or rod shaped.
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What are the shape names for bacteria?
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Spirilla (spirochete), bacilla (rod shaped) and coccus (spherical).
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What is a law?
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When the evidence and accuracy of a theory is so compelling that the next confidence level is reached.
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What is morphology?
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The branch of biology dealing with the form and structure of organisms.
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What is phylogeny?
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Natural relatedness between groups of organisms.
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What is pleomorphism?
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Variation in cell shape and size within a single species
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Define physiology.
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The study of the function of an organism.
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Define Sterilization.
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Any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat.
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What is 'aseptic technique'?
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Method of handling microbial cultures cultures, patient specimens and other sources of microbes in such a way that prevents infection for the handler and others who may be exposed.
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What is the 'Germ Theory of Disease'?
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The theory that proposed that microorganisms can be the cause of diseases. It is no longer a theory. It is now a law.
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What is the definition of "infectious"?
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Communicable by infection from one person to another
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What is a parasite? (besides my uncle Eddie)
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An organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutrients.
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What is spontaneous generation?
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Also called: abiogenesis a theory, widely held in the 19th century and earlier but now discredited, stating that living organisms could arise directly and rapidly from nonliving material
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What is biogenesis?
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Belief that living things can only arise from others of the same kind.
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What is microscopic?
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Invisible to the naked eye
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What is macroscopic?
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Visible to the naked eye.
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What is algae?
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Photosynthetic plant-like organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants. May be single celled or multicellular and inhabit locations with water, either marine or freshwater.
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What is protozoa?
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A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms.
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What is fungi?
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Heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms like yeast, mold or mushrooms.
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What are microbes?
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Microorganisms.
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What are the levels of classification in order?
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Domain (Archaea, bacteria, & eukarya)
Kingdom Phylum (or division) Class Order Family Genus Species - these last two refer to bacteria (Does King Paul Check Our Family Gatherings Secretly?) |
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Describe the structure of a flagellum and how it operates.
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There is a basal body made of a rod and rings, a hook that covers the base of the flagellum and then the filament. The basal body and hook work together to rotate the flagella 360 degrees.
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How does the flagellum dictate the behavior of a motile bacterium?
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The flagellum can cause it to “swim” in a particular direction because the system that detects nutrients or chemicals is linked to the part that drives the flagellum.
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What's the difference between flagella and periplasmic flagella?
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The periplasmic flagella is internal to the cell. It is located between the outer sheath and the cell wall.
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List some direct and indirect ways that one can determine bacterial motility.
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One way is to place a tiny group of cells into a soft medium in a test tube. Rapid growth throughout the test tube means motility. A hanging drop slide can give bacteria room to move and be observed. If a cell is motile, it will dart, shimmy, or zip around where a non-motile one will just jiggle in one place but not really get anywhere.
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What is fimbriae?
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Fimbriae are like hair that helps the cell to cling to other cells and inanimate objects.
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What is Pili?
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The pili is a like a hollow stick that attaches to other cells in a mating process to transfer DNA.
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What is glycocalyx?
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It is the outer coating to the cell. It protects the cell. There are different kinds like a slime-layer that helps it from drying out and maintain nutrients and a capsule created by harmful bacteria that protects it from phagocytes.
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What is a slime layer at the colony level considered?
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A biofilm.
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Describe the cell membrane of a gram-positive cell.
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There is one major layer. It has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall with no outer membrane and a narrow periplasmic space. It is more permeable to molecules.
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Describe the cell membrane of a gram-negative cell.
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There are two major layers. It has a thinner peptidoglycan and Lipopolysaccharide layer with an outer membrane and an extensive periplasmic space. It is less permeable to molecules.
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What is the role of peptidoglycan?
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Gives strength and stability to the cell. Many bacteria live in aqueous habitats and receive water by osmosis, so they would rupture without the peptidoglycan.
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What other properties besides staining are different in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
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Gram-P cell walls have polysaccharides that aid in cell wall maintenance and in cell division. Gram-N cell walls have lipopolysaccharides, which are polysaccharides with a layer of lipoproteins.
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What is the periplasmic space?
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It is where substances that enter and leave the cell react. Where energy is produced.
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What characteristics does the outer membrane confer on gram-negative bacteria?
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It is an extra barrier that offers better protection against chemicals and disinfectants. It is considered an endotoxin which causes fever and shock in infections.
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Describe the structure of the cell membrane
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The cell membrane is two layers of lipids with proteins set in as well.
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Why is the cell membrane considered semipermeable?
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Because water and some uncharged molecules can pass through it. It also has special carrier proteins for the passage of most molecules.
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What are mesosomes and some proposed roles they play?
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They are internal folds inside the cytoplasm of the cell. It, apparently, increases surface area for membrane activities and also seems to aid in cell division.
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List five essential functions that the cell membrane performs in bacteria.
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Takes in nutrients, secretes waste, plays “bouncer”, energy reactions and synthesis.
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What are the functions of the bacterial chromosome (nucleoid)?
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The nucleoid is the DNA of the bacterial cell. It is essential to the survival and growth of the cell.
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What are the functions of the bacterial plasmids?
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Plasmids are bits of DNA that are not necessary to it’s survival, but they get passed on during cell division and can sometimes pass on protective qualities such as toxin production, resistance to drugs, etc.
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What is unique about the structure of bacterial ribosomes, what is their function, and where are they located?
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They are actually two smaller subunits that fit together. They synthesize protein and are located in the cytoplasm, sometimes attached to the cell membrane.
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What is an inclusion?
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Inclusions are nutrients surrounded by a membrane in the cytoplasm of cells.
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What is a granule?
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Granules are storage bodies of inorganic material that are not surrounded by a membrane in the cytoplasm of cells.
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What are metachromatic granules and what do they contain?
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They are sulfur granules of photosynthetic bacteria and polyphosphate granules of Mycobacterium. They are essential ingredients for nucleic acid and ATP synthesis.
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Describe the formation of bacterial endospores.
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It goes through a cycle called Sporulation cycle where a vegetative cell receives a signal that there is no more nutrients. It replicates it’s chromosome and surrounds the replicated chromosome with many layers to protect it.
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Describe the structure of an endospore, and explain its function.
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Surrounding the core of the endospore is the cortex, spore coat and exosporium. These outer coatings protect the core of chromosome in unfavorable conditions. So unfavorable, that most life could not survive it, such as heat, radiation, being deprived of nutrients, etc.
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Explain why an endospore is not considered a reproductive body.
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When a vegetative cell replicates it’s chromosome, it then surrounds it, coats it and dies off. When the process of sporulation is complete, there is again, only one endospore. Reproducing implies that there is a parent cell and a daughter (child) cell. Here, there is only one cell remaining.
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Why are endospores so difficult to destroy?
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The impenetrable cortex and spore coats protect against chemicals and radiation. The endospore is already very dehydrated so it is guarded against heat. It’s metabolism is inactive so it is highly resistant to becoming more dehydrated.
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How are spirochetes and spirilla different?
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Spirilla are hard and helix shaped. They have external flagella on the ends. Most are harmless. Spirochetes are soft and malleable shaped like a spring and have periplasmic flagella. They are pathogenic.
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What is a vibrio?
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A vibrio is a short, plump bacillus that is gently curved.
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What is a coccobacillus?
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A coccobacillus is when the rod is short and plump and not curved.
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What is pleomorphism?
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It is when cells lack cell walls and display extreme variations of shapes.
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What is the difference between the use of the shape bacillus and the name Bacillus?
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The shape bacillus refers to a rod shape, the name bacillus refers to bacterial cells that are grouped by the bacillus shape.
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What is the difference between Staphylococcus (italicized) and staphylococcus?
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Staphylocuccus is a group of ball shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus (italicized) is a pathogen, or a harmful bacteria.
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Rank the size ranges in bacteria according to shape.
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Coccus would be the smallest. Next is the spirochete. Then the Vibrio, the spirillum, and then the bacillus and the branching filaments are about the same size.
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What general characteristics are used to classify bacteria?
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Bacterial physiology, biochemistry, serological analysis and genetic techniques.
(mnemonic - Public Broadcasting System's Great!) |
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Explain how the species level in bacteria is defined and name at least three ways bacteria are classified below the species level.
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A collection of bacterial cells, all of which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other groups whose pattern differs significantly. Below the species level is strains, types, flagellated strains and non-flagellated strains.
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Discuss several ways in which bacteria are medically and ecologically important.
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There are many bacteria that live among us that cause every day medical issues like boils, acne, the common cold, etc. There are also many that cause serious issues for us as well, like TB, lung abcesses, etc. Ecologically, we can learn a lot from bacteria because they are extremely old and fossilized in rocks over 3 billion years old.
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Name two main groups of obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria and explain why these groups can’t live independently.
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They are Rickettsias and Chlamydias. They cannot live independently because they cannot survive or multiply outside a host cell.
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Explain the characteristics of archaea that indicate that they constitute a unique domain of living things that is neither bacterial nor eukaryotic.
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They have unique membrane lipids, unique cell wall construction and genetic sequences found only in their ribosomal RNA.
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What is meant by the term extremophile? Describe some archael adaptations to extreme habitats.
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Metabolically, archaea have shown that they can adapt to extreme conditions that other microbes cannot, such as salt, acid, pH, pressure, atmosphere and extreme temperatures.
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What is a spheroplast?
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A Gram negative cell that is whose peptidoglycan when ingested by lysozyme remains intact but is osmotically vulnerable.
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What is a tetrad?
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Cocci in packets of four
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What is a sarcina?
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Division of cocci in two perpendicular planes (8-64 cells).
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What's the difference between streptococci and staphylococci?
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Streptococci are variable number of cocci in chains. Staphylococci is irregular clusters of cocci.
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What is a diplococci?
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Two cells of cocci bacteria.
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What is a genome?
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The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism.
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What is mycoplasma?
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The smallest, self-replicating microorganisms. Mycoplasma naturally lack a cell wall. Most species are parasites of animals and plants.
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What does the ER do?
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Originating from the nuclear envelope, extending out to the cytoplasm and out to the cell membrane, it synthesizes proteins and the spaces (or cisternae) serve as passageways from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ultimately to the cells exterior.
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What is chemotaxis?
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The tendency of organisms to move in response to chemical stimuli. Either towards nutrients or away from adverse stimuli. A flagellar response.
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Briefly explain how the eukaryotic cell might have evolved from prokaryotic ones.
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A process called intracellular symbiosis – a larger prokaryotic cell engulfing a smaller prokaryotic cell and keeping it alive.
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How do unicellular, colonial, and multiciellular organisms differ from each other? Give examples of each type.
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Unicellular are a single cell type, multicellular are a colony of cells grouped together and multicellular organisms are tissues with different kinds of specialized cells that cannot survive without the rest. Unicellular would be protozoa, multicellular would be fungi or algae and multicellular organisms could be anything from a plant, animal or some fungi like a mushroom.
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How are flagella and cilia similar? How are they different?
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Flagella and cilia are both appendages that give locomotion to the cell. They are also made up of a similar internal structure of microtubules. The cilia, however, are shorter and more numerous. The flagella is longer and there aren’t as many. The cilia are only found in protozoa and animal cells.
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Which eukarytotic cells have a cell wall?
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Fungi and most algae.
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What are the functions of the glycocalyx, cell wall, and membranes?
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The glycocalyx helps the cell to stick to the environment and cause a biofilm, protects against environmental changes, is a receptor and communicator. The cell wall gives shape to the cell. The membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier in transport.
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In what ways does the nucleus function like the “brain” of the cell?
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It contains all the genetic information of the cell and contains the nucleolus which produces the ribosomes. It governs and regulates all cell activities.
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Explain how ribosomes and the nucleolus are related.
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The nucleolus produces ribosomes.
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How does the nucleus communicate with the cytoplasm?
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Through pores in the nuclear envelope
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Compare and contrast the smooth ER, the rough ER, and the Golgi apparatus in structure and function.
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The smooth and rough ER are a series of tunnels used in transport synthesis and storage. The Gogli complex is similar in function to help in transport. The rough ER looks different than the smooth ER because it has ribosomes on it. The Golgi complex also is passageways, but it does not continue through the cytoplasm.
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Compare the structure of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast.
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They both have a similar shape on the outside, both are one membrane surrounding another, but the inner membrane is very different between them. The inner membrane is a series of folds in the mitochondria, but the inner membrane in the chloroplast looks like a stack of pancakes interconnected. Both have ribosomes throughout.
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What makes the mitochondrion and the chloroplast unique among the organelles?
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They can divide independently of the cell.
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How are eukaryotic ribosomes different from prokaryotic ribosomes?
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The eukaryotic ribosomes are larger
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Describe some ways that organisms use lysosomes.
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Digestion, protection from disease, and “recycling” old and damaged debris.
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For what reasons would a cell need a “skeleton”?
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Anchors organelles, provides support, allows movement and shape.
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Differentiate between the yeast and hypha types of fungal cells. What is a mold?
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Hypha are the long threadlike CELLS that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi. Molds are the filamentous fungi. Yeast is oval or round and has asexual reproduction. It grows buds on it’s surface that swell and become their own cells.
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What does it mean if a fungus is dimorphic?
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That depending on the conditions it can either be a hypha or a yeast.
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What is heterotrophic?
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A type of nutrition that relies on an organic nutrient source.
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How does a fungus feed, and in what habitats would one expect to find fungi?
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Fungus feeds on dead plants and animals. Pretty much anything naturally occurring. In soil or aquatic habitats. It is heterotrophic.
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Describe the two main types of asexual fungal spores and how they are formed.
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Sporangiospores are formed by a fold in a saclike head, called a sporangium. The sporangiospore is released when the sporangium ruptures. Conidia are free spores formed by segmentation of a vegetative hypha or by being pinched off the tip of another hypha.
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Explain the importance of sexual spores in fungal life history.
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When two different fungi create offspring, they have a combination of genes that can have slight variations that could help it adapt and evolve.
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Describe the three main types of sexual spores.
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Zygospores are formed on the hyphae, they germinate to form a mycelium. Ascospores are haploid spores, they form on the fruiting body. Basidiospores are on the outside of a cell called the basidium.
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How are fungi classified?
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It is based on sexual reproduction, hyphal structure and genetic profile.
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What is a mycosis? What kind of mycosis is athlete’s foot? What kind is coccidioidomycosis?
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Mycosis is a fungal infection. Athlete’s foot is a superficial infection. Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic one, causing ‘Valley Fever’.
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What is a working definition of a “protist”?
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A shorthand term for certain eukaryotes that have similar characteristics.
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Describe the principal characteristics of algae that separate them from protozoa.
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Algae are able to make their own food by photosynthesis, which protozoa cannot. Algae does not move on it’s own, but protozoa does.
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What causes the many colors in the algae?
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Chloroplasts
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How are algae important? Are there any algae of medical importance
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Algae is food for a lot of aquatic animals. A large medical threat by algae is red tide, an overgrowth of dinoflagellates that the animals eat and build up in their bodies. We eat the fish and can get sick and possibly die
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Explain the general characteristics of the protozoan life cycle.
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They start out as a trophozoite, needing lots of food and moisture to remain active. They can lie dormant as a cyst when conditions are unfavorable. Some forms stay as a trophozoite, some alternate between that and a cyst. They usually reproduce by mitosis, but most can reproduce sexually.
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Describe the protozoan adaptations for feeding.
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If a trophozoite does not get adequate food and moisture, they can ball up into a sphere and it’s ectoplasm will secrete a tough thick cuticle around the cell membrane. At this point, it’s called a cyst. Cysts are more resistant to unfavorable conditions such as heat, drying, chemicals and lack of nutrients. Once the conditions become favorable again, the cell wall breaks open and it becomes an active trophozoite again.
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Describe protozoan reproductive processes.
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All protozoa reproduce by mitosis. Parasitic species will produce asexually inside a host cell. Most will also reproduce sexually. Ciliates take part in conjugation where two different mating types fuse, temporarily and exchange nuclei.
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How are helminthes similar to and different from microscopic eukaryotes (other than size)?
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Microscopic eukaryotes do not have eggs, larvae, organs, etc. They both have sexual reproduction and eukaryotic cells.
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List the Eukaryotic groups.
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Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Helminths
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What category is Borrelia Bergdorferi and what disease does it cause?
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It is a bacteria and it causes Lyme Disease.
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What category is the Treponema Pallidum and what disease does it cause?
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It is a bacteria and it causes Syphylis.
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What category is Candida Albicans and what does it cause?
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It is a fungus and it is a yeast infection.
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What shape is the Borrelia Burgdorferi?
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Spirochete.
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What shape is the Treponema Pallidum?
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Spirilla
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What body system is most affected by Lyme Disease?
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The immune system, skin, bones, the nervous system.
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What body system is most affected by Syphylis?
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The genitals.
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Archaea are extremophiles. What does that mean?
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They live and thrive in extreme conditions.
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Will Penicillin work on a gram negative bacteria?
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It would make it more difficult because penicillin works on the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. The LPS layer of the gram negative bacteria protects that layer of the cell wall.
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What is a granule?
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An inclusion that contains crystals of inorganic compounds and are not enclosed by membranes. Found in bacterial cells.
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What is Plasmodium? What category is it and what disease does it cause?
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A protozoa that causes malaria.
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What category does the pathogen E. coli fall into and what symptoms does it cause?
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Bacteria. Diarrhea, nausea, cramping and vomiting.
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What is Typanosoma Cruzi and what disease does it cause?
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It is a protozoa and it causes Chagas Disease.
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