Bonnie's Set - Health Assessment - Exam 5

Front 1

What is the major function of skin?

Back 1

To keep the body in homeostasis.

Front 2

What are the three layers of the skin from outer to innermost layer?

Back 2

- epidermis

- dermis

- subcutaneous tissue

Front 3

What is the heaviest single organ of the body?

Back 3

The skin

Front 4

Where does skin color come from?

Back 4

It is dependent on 4 pigments

- melanin (brown)

- carotene (golden yellow)

- oxyhemoglobin (bright red)

- deoxyhemoglobin (darker and bluer)

Front 5

What is central cyanosis?

Back 5

When blood oxygen level is low

Front 6

What is peripheral cyanosis?

Back 6

When blood oxygen level is normal but is not getting to the periphery.

Front 7

What kinds of sweat glands are there?

Back 7

- Eccrine glands (located over most of the body)

- apocrine glands (secrete a milky substance - located in axillary and genital regions)

Front 8

For skin health history, what are some concerning symptoms?

Back 8

- hair loss

- rash

- moles

Front 9

What are some questions that should be asked during a skin assessment?

Back 9

- Have you noticed any changes in your skin? Hair?

- Have you noticed any moles that have changed size or shape, color or sensation?

- Any new moles?

Front 10

What are some education subjects nurses should address to their patients?

Back 10

- early detection of suspicious moles

- protective measures for skin care

- hazards of excessive sun exposure

Front 11

What are the skin cancers and what percentages do they make up?

Back 11

Basal cell - 80% (least dangerous)

Squamous cell - 16%

Melanoma - 4% (most dangerous)

Front 12

What higher rate do white people get melanomas than black people?

Back 12

20% higher risk for white people than black people.

Front 13

What is a good way to remember how to screen for melanomas?

Back 13

A - asymmetry

B - irregular borders (ragged, notched, blurred)

C - change in color (especially blue or black)

D - diameter 6mm or different than others (especially changing itching or bleeding)

E - elevation or enlargement

Front 14

What are some preventative strategies to protect skin from cancers?

Back 14

- reduce sun exposure (especially midday)

- use sunscreens (SPF at least 15)

Front 15

When assessing skin, what does a nurse note the characteristics of?

Back 15

- color

- moisture

- temperature

- texture

- mobility or turgor

- lesions

Front 16

What are the types of lesions on the skin?

Back 16

- macules

- papules

- nevi

- vesicles

Front 17

What shapes do lesions come in?

Back 17

- linear, clustered, annular (ring), arciform (arc)

- serpiginous (serpent or worm-like)

- dermatomal (covering a band of skin that corresponds to a sensory nerve)

Front 18

What are the 4 stages of pressure ulcers?

Back 18

Stage 1: Alteration of intact skin with changes in temperature

Stage 2: Partial thickness skin loss or ulceration involving the epidermis, dermis or both

Stage 3: Full thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue that may extend to but not through muscle

Stage 4: Full-thickness skin loss with destruction and tissue necrosis to underlying muscle, bone or supporting structures.

Front 19

What is alopecia?

Back 19

Hair loss

Front 20

What is clubbing and what causes it?

Back 20

Distal phalanx of fingers is rounded and bulbous. Occurs with congenital, chronic, cyanotic heart disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Front 21

What are the purpuric lesions that don't blanch called?

Back 21

- petechiae

- ecchymosis

- hematomas

Front 22

What happens to the skin of the aging adult?

Back 22

- loses elasticity (folds and sags)

- thinning epidermis

- increased risk of shearing injuries

- reduction of muscle tone

- decreased number of sweat and sebaceous glands (leaving skin dry)

- decreased response of the sweat glands to thermoregulatory demand puts the elderly person at increased risk of heat stroke.

- turgor; 'tents' and stands alone, especially if dehydrated

- vascular fragility (minor trauma may produce dark red discolored areas)

- creases, lines, wrinkling

Front 23

What is an amazing adaptation by Inuits?

Back 23

They sweat on their faces, but not their trunk or extremities. This allows for temperature regulation without causing perspiration and dampness of their clothes which would decrease their ability to insulate against severe cold.

Front 24

What is razor burn called?

Back 24

Pseudofolliculitis.

Front 25

What is melasma?

Back 25

A brown pigmentation of the skin. Often happens in pregnancy.

Front 26

What is skin mobility?

Back 26

How easily skin can be pulled away from the body.

Front 27

What is hirsutism?

Back 27

Excessive hairiness, particularly in women.

Front 28

What is a senile angioma?

Back 28

Also called a cherry angioma, it is a common growth made of blood vessels that appears on the trunk of aging people.

Front 29

What is a wheal?

Back 29

A hive. Itchy.

Front 30

What is a petechiae?

Back 30

a minute, round, nonraised hemorrhage in the

skin or in a mucous or serous membrane.

Front 31

How is redness, pallor or cyanosis assessed in a dark skinned person?

Back 31

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Front 32

How do you assess for central cyanosis?

Back 32

Look at lips, oral mucosa or tongue.

Front 33

What is a sphincter?

Back 33

Concentric layers of muscle

Front 34

What is the internal sphincter?

Back 34

The involuntary control of the autonomic nervous system. Located in the anal columns and gives the feeling of "having to go".

Front 35

What is the external sphincter?

Back 35

Surrounds the internal sphincter and gives voluntary control over bowels.

Front 36

What is the intersphincteric groove?

Back 36

separates the internal from the external sphincters and is palpable.

Front 37

What is the levator ani muscle?

Back 37

Deepest layer of the pelvic floor muscles giving bowel control. "Lift the anus"

Front 38

Describe the prostate gland.

Back 38

- lies in front of the anterior wall of the rectum

- surrounds the bladder neck and urethra

- 15 to 30 ducts which open into the urethra

- secretes a milky fluid that helps sperm viability

Front 39

What causes benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Back 39

A hormonal imbalance. Occurs typically in 1 out of 10 males at the age of 40.

Front 40

Describe prostate cancer.

Back 40

- more common in North America and Northwestern Europe

- less common in Central and South America, Africa and Asia

- Incidence is higher for African American Men

Front 41

What is a pilonidal sinus?

Back 41

- a small tract under the skin between the buttocks in the sacrococcygeal area.

- is congenital

- has several openings and is lined with epithelium and hair

- movement causes the short wirey hairs to penetrate the skin and become irritated and infected causing an abscess or cyst.

Front 42

What is a fecal occult blood test?

Back 42

A test for blood hidden in stool. A false positive test can be achieve with ingestion of red meat.

Front 43

What is an anorectal fistula?

Back 43

Abnormal tunnel leading from the anus or rectum. It may extend to the outside of the skin, vagina, buttocks and often precedes an abscess.

Front 44

What is the valsalva maneuver?

Back 44

Hold breath and bear down (as if going to the bathroom).

Front 45

What happens in menopause for women?

Back 45

- Hormone levels decrease causing cessation of menses and menopause.

- happens around the ages of 48-51

- ovaries stop producing progesterone and estrogen

- many dramatic physical changes

Front 46

What are the many dramatic physical changes that occur in women going through menopause?

Back 46

- uterus shrinks in size

- ovaries atrophy and are not palpable

- sacral ligaments relax and pelvic muscles weaken

- uterus droops (may protrude or prolapse into vagina)

- vagina becomes shorter, narrower, and less elastic

- decreased vaginal secretions (becomes dry and at risk for bleeding or vaginitis)

Front 47

What is gravida?

Back 47

A pregnant woman. Followed by a roman numeral states how many times the woman has been pregnant. Gravida III (has been pregnant three times).

Front 48

What is para?

Back 48

A woman's status regarding the bearing of viable offspring. Followed by a roman numeral states how many live births she has had. Para III (gave birth to three children).

Front 49

What does circumcision do?

Back 49

- prevents phimosis and inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin

- decreases the incidence of cancer of the penis

- decreases incidence of UTI in infancy

- reduces risk of different STI's for both men and women

Front 50

Describe chronic kidney disease.

Back 50

- damage lasting 3 months or longer

- caused by hypertension and diabetes

- leads to end stage renal disease, dialysis and transplant

Front 51

Describe testicular tumor.

Back 51

- found on palpation

- commonly found among 18-35 year olds

- tumor is harder

- with early detection, prognosis is 100%

Front 52

What are depressants to sexual desire?

Back 52

- anti-hypertensives

- sedatives

- tranquilizers

- estrogens

- alcohol

Front 53

What are normal values for a urinalysis?

Back 53

- clear

- pH 4.5 - 8

- specific gravity 1.003 to 1.03

- no protein

- no glucose

- fewer than 5 RBC's or WBC's

Front 54

What are normal values of creatinine in a urinalysis?

Back 54

- .7 - 1.5mg/dL

Front 55

What are the normal values of blood urea nitrogen in a urinalysis?

Back 55

- 10 - 20 mg/dL

- rises with dehydration and increased protein intake