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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systematics
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The discipline within biology that is concerned with phylogeny reconstruction and classification
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Phylogeny reconstruction
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A diagram depicting the evolution of a taxonomic group
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phylogeny
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The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms.
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Taxon
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Any named species or group of species
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Phylogenic Tree
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A diagram depicting the evolution of a taxonomic group
Different from a cladogram |
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Clade
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An ancestral species and all of its descendant species
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How do we know which groups of Taxa are clades?
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Shared Traits suggest common ancestry
They share traits because: Trait evolves in a lineage Trait persists in descendants All taxa in clade should exhibit the trait |
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Last Common Ancestor
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A species that split and gave rise to new species (the closest two species have together)
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Ingroup
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The taxa of interest in a phylogenic analysis
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Outgroup
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Taxon that is closely related to the ingroup
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Symplesiomorphy
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A trait that is found in the last common ancestor of some specified group of taxa and that is expected to be found in that ancestor’s descendants---shared ancestral trait
---Not informative about relationships in ingroup because all taxa in the group should have it (Homology) |
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Synapomorphy
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A trait that has changed from the condition seen in the last common ancestor of a particular group and which is shared among some of that ancestor’s descendants—shared derived trait
----Only trait informative about relationships within the ingroup because only some taxa will share it (Homology) |
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Homology
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Retained in descendants (trait evolves here)
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Homoplasy
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Are misleading about evolutionary relationships because the suggest incorrectly, that taxa are closely related
Convergent evolution= Similar features evolve twice (analogous) |
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Autapomorphy
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A trait that has changed from the condition seen in the last common ancestor of a particular group and which is found in only one of that ancestor’s descendants
(Not informative about relationships because only one taxon has it) --unique trait |
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Phenetics
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-Classifies species based on overall similarity not concerned with phylogeny. Earliest approach, but now uncommon
-Linnaeus’s classification was phenetic -Grouping species by overall shape is a type of phenetics (like skull measurement) -Uses all forms of traits and all phyletic groups |
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DNA-DNA Hybridization
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DNA from two different species are denatured and combined together. It is a measure of the degree it takes to pull them apart, and then apart form each other
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Cladistics
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-Classifies species based on phylogeny only developed in the 1960s and now dominant
-Only monophyletic grouping is allowed, only synapomorphies traits used in comparison |
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Evolutionary Systematics
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-generally classifies based on phylogeny also recognizes subjective “grades” of evolution common in the century after Darwin
-synapomorphies, symplesiomorphies, monophyletic, paraphyletic |
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Monophyletic
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An ancestral species and ALL of it’s descendent (= a clade)
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Paraphyletic
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An ancestral species and SOME of it’s descendent species
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Polyphyletic
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Some species but NOT their last common ancestor
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Homologous traits
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syplesiomorphies, synampomorphies,
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analogous traits
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homoplasies,
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unique traits
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autapomorphies
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Saggital
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Equal haves from right to left of the body, symmetrical
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Coronal
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Cuts in half separates front and back
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Transverse
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Cuts the body in half parallel to the ground (like a magician)
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Superior
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Above, towards the head
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Inferior
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Below, towards the tail
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Anterior
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Towards the front
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Posterior
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Towards the back
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Cranial
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Towards the head
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Caudal
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Towards the tail
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Dorsal
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Back
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Ventral
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Front
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Medial
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Closer to midline
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Lateral
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Farther from midline
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Proximal
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Toward the origin (where it attaches) of a limb
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Distal
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Away from the origin of a limb
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Cranium
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Holds the brain and face
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Sutures
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Joints between bones
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Saggital suture
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Runs down middle between parietal
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Coronal
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Separates frontal and parietal bones
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Cranial vault
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Holds brain
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Frontal
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Protects front of brain
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Supraorbital region
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Above the eye, looks like an eyebrow
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Parietal
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Towards the middle of skull, one on each side, connected by sutures
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Occipital
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Towards the back of the skull, only one bone
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Foramen magnum
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At the base of the skull, hole for spinal cord
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Nuchal Region
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Rough region for attachment of neck muscles
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Temporal
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Most complicated, one on each side of skull
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tempromandibular joint TMJ
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Joint for mandible
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external auditory meatus
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-Includes all anatomy associated with hearing and the ear
-opening to middle ear |
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Mastoid process
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Right behind earlobe, large bony knob, muscle attaches to turn head from side to side
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Petrous temporal
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Houses middle and inner ear
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Petrosal Boulla
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A primate synapomorphy
Surrounds the middle ear cavity, derived from petrous part of temporal bone |
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Sphenoid
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Single unpaired bone through the center of the skull
Looks like wings when viewing from inside of skull |
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Maxilla
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Paried bone that surrounds the opening of the inner nose (nasal aperature)
Houses upper teeth Also holds hard palate |
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Zygomatic
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Cheek bones, paired
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Nasal
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Right between the eyes above the nose, very fragile
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Mandibular condyle
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Bony knob that attaches to skull
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Mandible
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Separately movable bone of the jaw
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Mandibular corpus
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Long side parallel to ground
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Mandibular ramus
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Lateral part on side that contains the TMJ
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Madibular symphysis
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Chin in front
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Incisors
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In front
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Canine
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Dracula teeth
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Premolars
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A.k.a bicuspids
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Molars
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Main grinding teeth
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Dental Formula
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2123/2123 (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)
Shows number of teeth in each category maxillary/mandibular |
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Temporalis
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Attached to side of cranial vault
Muscles of mastication |
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Masseter
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From zygomatic to the bottom of the jaw (gonial region)
Muscles of mastication |
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Convergent Evolution
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A type of analogous trait called a homoplasy
which Are misleading about evolutionary relationships because the suggest incorrectly, that taxa are closely related. Similar features evolve twice |
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classifications
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groups of animals based on simlar Characteristics and phylogeny
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Mastoid process
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Right behind earlobe, large bony knob, muscle attaches to turn head from side to side
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Petrous temporal
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Houses middle and inner ear
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nasal aperature
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-the opening on the skull bounded by the nasal and incisive bones
-the anterior end of the bony nasal opening, connecting the external nose with the skull |
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alveolus
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one of the cavities or sockets of the jaw, in which the roots of the teeth are embedded
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medial pterygoid
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A muscle with origin from the pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone and the tuberosity of the maxilla, with insertion into the medial surface of the mandible, with nerve supply from the medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, and whose action raises the mandible and closes the jaw. (in picture looks like it connects inside jaw to sides of nose)
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temporal lines
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origin of the temporalis muscle
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zygomatic arch
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origin of masseter muscle
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gonial region
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insertion of masseter muscle
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coronoid process
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insertion of the temporalis muscle
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sagittal crest
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in primates who have very stong temporalis muslces the origin of the muslce is actually on top of the head and is so strong it pushes the plates together so in time the have evolved to have a bony crest on top of the skull for muslce attachment
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axial skeleton
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vertebrae, sternum, ribs
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upper limb (forelimb)
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Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand
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lowerlimb (hindlimb)
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pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, ankle, foot
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Where living primates live
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Primarily equatorial
Central America, Southeast Asia, Japan, North Africa Coast, South Africa, Madagascar, South America |
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Diet
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Many Varieties
Some are specialists on leaves (but most find these difficult to process) (used by mostly large bodied animals) Most like fruit Insects Bamboo Tree-sap Some like baboons can be carnivorous and kill other vertebrates Most spend a large part of their day finding and consuming food |
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Frugivory (frugivore)
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Fruit and seeds
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Fruit Proportions
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Seasonal availability
High energy content Low nutrient content Easy to process Can’t live on fruit alone (must supplement with insects or leaves) |
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Frugivore body size and specialization
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medium sized with large canines
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Folivory (folivore)
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Includes young and mature leaves, and flower blossoms
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Leaves Proportions
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High in availability
Medium energy content Medium nutrient content Hard to process (made of cellulose) |
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Leaf-eater body size and teeth specialization
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Large
Because leaves take time and space to digest Small incisors for folivores Folivores long crests on molars, good for shearing cellulose |
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Fruit-eater digestive system
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short simple
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leaf-eater digestive system
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long complex
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Insectivory (Insectivore)
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Includes crunchy adult insects and soft larvae and pupae
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Insect food proportions
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Low availability
High energy content High nutrient content Medium to process (variable) |
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Insect-eater body size and teeth specilization
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small bodied
large incisors and canines long crests on molars, Good for shearing chitin |
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Insect-eater digestive system
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short simple gut
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cellulose
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in leaves, hard to digest
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chitin
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exoskeleton of insects
required much force to pierce |
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Kay's Threshold
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There are no insectivores larger than 500 grams
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Locomotion
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None of them dig in the ground and none are primarily aquatic
Some have webbing under the arms but none of them fly Quadruped (four-legged) on the ground, or quadruped in trees Swing through trees by use of arms (very few species actually do this) Some jump a lot from tree to tree Chimpanzees are knuckle-walkers |
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Quadrupeds
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Ribcage is narrow from side to side
Forelimb and hindlimb are similar in length Two type Arboreal and Terrestrial |
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Arboreal
Quadrupeds |
Shorter limbs for balance
Powerful grasping hands and feet for holding on Large tail for balance |
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Terrestrial
Quadrupeds |
Long limbs for long steps
Short, strong digits Stronger, less flexible joints |
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Knucklewalking
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exhibted in apes like chimpanzees, leaning over and placing pressure on the middle phlange
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Habitats
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Wide Range of Habitats
Not as common in areas with strong seasonality (America, Canada) Some live in tropical rainforest and trees Woodlands Grasslands Places with snow Nocturnal and Diurnal |
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Leaping
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Hindlimbs are longer in primates that leap
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Vertical clingers and leapers
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Very long hindlimbs
Long spines Powerful grasping hands and feet |
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Suspensory
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Very long forelimbs
Very long and curved hand bones-phalanges Ribcage is wide from side to side Very mobile arm joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist) |
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Bridging
and body size |
Large primates can bridge many gaps-must leap less often
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Leaping
and body size |
Small primates encounter more gaps that they can’t reach across- must leap more often
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Balance
and body size |
Small primates balance more easily on top of branches-tend to be arboreal quadrupeds
Large primates find balancing on top of branches more difficult-are more commonly suspensory |
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Falling
and body size |
Small animals are less likely to be injured if they fall, and therefore are more likely to leap
Most large primates realize the consequences of falling if you are large, and don’t leap or even climb that much |
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Predators
and body size |
Terrestrial primates encounter more predators, and tend to be larger
Arboreal primates encounter fewer predators, and tend to be smaller |
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Ancestral Mammalian Traits
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Post orbital bar
Five digits Claws Divergent orbits Small brain Strepsirhini Large snout Tapetum lucidum Multiple nipples Biocornuate uterus Unfused mandibular symphysis |
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Derived Primate Traits
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Grasping Extremities
Divergent Hallux Nail on Hallux Convergent Orbits Eyes face the front Postorbital Bar Reduced Snout Larger Brain Petrosal Bulla |
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Derived Strepsirhine Traits
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Tooth comb
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Derived Haplorhine Traits
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Loss of Tapetum Lucidum
Haplorhini |
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Petrosal Bulla
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Middles ear has three ear bones, Petrosal Bulla-middle ear chamber of air surrounded by bones; the bulla is the bottom thin area of bone of the chamber. To help sound travel through the fluid filled chamber. Grows out of petrius part of the temporal bone (which is a composite of bones that have become fused together)
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Tapetum lucidum
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bright layer within the eye
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Strepsirhini
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wet nose, split upper lip
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Derived Anthropoid Traits
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Fused Mandibular Symphysis
Unicornuate Uterus Single Pair of Nipples Postorbital Closure |
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Postorbital Closure
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Postorbital bar has area that fuses with the skull. No hole between the bar and the skull
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Derived Platyrrhine Traits
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Laterally facing nostrils
(Facing sideways) |
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Derived Catarrhine Traits
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Downward Facing Nostrils
Two Premolars Ischial Callosities |
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Ischial Callosities
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(ex. on baboons)
Callus on butt. But the pelvis is extended in catarrhines too |
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Derived Cercopithecoid Traits
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Bilophodont Molars
(Two-crested tooth) |
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Derived Hominoid Traits
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Larger Brain
Loss of Tail Long Arms Broad Thorax |
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Divergent Hallux
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grasping thumb, pulled away from other digits ?
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Diurnal
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active in day time
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nocturnal
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active a night time
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Primate Characteristics
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Grasping Hands and Feet
All have a nail on their big toe (hallux) rather than a claw. Most have nails on all of their toes. Many have opposable thumbs actually Enhanced Vision Postorbital bar Reduced Sense of Smell (Olfaction) Smaller, less complicated nasal cavities than other mammals Increased Brain Development |
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Prosimian/Anthropoid vs. Strepsirhine/Haplorhine
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Two schools of classification that can divide the taxa differently
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Evolutionary Systematic Classification
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Traditional division was Prosimian/Anthropoid
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Cladistic Classification
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More recent methods use Strepsirhine/Haplorhine
Used by Clade The only difference is where you place the Tarsius, |
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Strepshirrhines
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Lemuroid, and lorisids
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Lemuroid
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Restricted to Island of Madagascar
14 Genera in 5 Groups Body Size Range 1oz-15lbs Most are diurnal, but some are nocturnal arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds, vertical clingers and leapers Eat fruit, flowers, gums, and leaves Example: Aye-Aye |
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Lorisoid
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Live in Africa and Asia
All nocturnal Body Range 2oz-3.5lbs Arboreal Quadrupeds and Slow Climbers Fruit, Gums, and Insects 9 Genera in 2 Major Groups |
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Tarsius
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Has combination of primitive and derived features
Live in Southeast Asia Body Range 3.5 oz All Nocturnal-but have problems seeing at night, so they have HUGE eyes that are bigger than their brain Nose is more common to humans, fused upper lip, not wet and external Vertical Clingers and Leapers Insects One Genus |
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Haplorhines
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Platyrrhines-New World Monekys
Catarrhines |
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Platyrrhines-New World
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Monekys
South and Central America Amazonian drainage basin primarily Body Range Size 3.5oz-22lbs All Diurnal except for owl monkey All Arboreal- quadrupeds, suspensions, leaping (only 5 genera have prehensile tail) Fruit, Leaves, Insects, Seeds, Gums |
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Catarrhines
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Cercopithecoids-“Old Word Monkeys”
Hominoids-“Apes and Humans” |
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Cercopithecoids-“Old Word Monkeys”
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Most abundant primate group
Africa and Asia 2.5lbs-70lbs All Diurnal Most arboreal, but some terrestrial-quadrupeds Fruit, leaves, seeds, invertebrates, vertebrates 22 Genera in Two Major Groups Cercopithecines “cheek- pouch monkeys” Colobines “Leaf Monkeys” |
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Hominoids-“Apes and Humans”
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Chimpanzees and Gorilla-Africa
Orangutans and Gibbons-Southeast Asia 13 lbs-385 lbs diurnal suspension, knuckle-walking, bipedalism fruit, leaves, insects, meat, seeds, etc. 5 Genera Hylobates Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo |
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Hylobates
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Gibbons
genera |
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Pongo
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Orangutans
genera |
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Gorilla
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gorillas (the genera has the same name)
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Pan
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Common chimapanzees
Bonobo genera |
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Homo
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humans
genera |
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Arboreal Theory
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Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
Believed the specialization of primate characteristics came about for life in trees This hypothesis must be tested: by the Comparative Method |
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Comparative Method
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Used to test hypotheses about adaptation. Looks for repeated associations
Ex. Prehensile tail have evolved many times, always in species that live near branching plant. |
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Visual Predation Theory
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Matt Cartmill
Questioned arboreal theory because other animals are specialized for climbing in trees but are not primates. Ex. squirrels Believed primates are adapted to catching insects while in the trees |
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Social Behavior
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Some are misogamist
Some prefer to be alone Some live larger communities |
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Archonta
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Closest extant taxa to primates
1. Primates 2.Tree Shrews 3.Colugos 4.Bats |
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Earth Formed
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4.5 billion years ago,
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first evidence of life
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3.8 billion years ago,
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Cambrian Explosion
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Organisims, after billions of years, finally had hard body parts and began showing up in the fossil record, followed by rapid diversification
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Permian Extinction
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Extinction 250mya, at the end of the Paleozoic Era. Possibly caused by massive volcanic eruption in Siberia, that warmed the global environment, possibly warmed the oceans and released frozen methane from the bottom of the ocean massively reducing oxygen from 30% to 10%.
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KT Boundary
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65mya last major extinction (dinosaurs)
Cenozoic Epock |
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Epochs of the Cenozoic
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Paleocene
Eocne Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene holocene |
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Paleocene
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Little Fossil Record
65-45mya no clear primate fossils strepsirhine/haplorhine split likely occured |
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Eocene
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Early Strepsirhines and Haplorhines
54-34mya Earliest known primate fossils Likely ancestors of strepsirhine and haplorhine Adapid & Omomyids Platyrrhine/Catarrhine Split |
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Omomyids
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North America, Europe, and Asia
look like Tarsier |
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Adapids
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look more like Lemurs and Lorises
North America, Europe, and Asia |
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Miocene
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-Ape Diversity and the First Hominids
23-5.5mya cercopithecoid/hominoid split |
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Pliocene
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5.5-1.8mya
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Pleistocene
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1.8-.01mya
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Holocene
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12Kya-Today
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Fayum Depression
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Fayum Depression in Egypt, has lots of primate evidence
River Delta Environment Most of the work has been spearheaded by Elyum Simons |
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Oligocene-
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Monkeys Galore
34-23mya Africa, Asia, South America Fayum Depression Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys |
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Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys
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Probably originated in Africa
Migrated to south America Quickly evolved many lineages |
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Homerange
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Area they occupy, and places they might go
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Territory
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Defended area within a homerange, exhibited by some primates but not all
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Monogamy
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One adult female and one adult male
Ex. Titi monkey |
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Noyau
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Males and females solitary but in overlapping ranges
Ex. orangutan |
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Polyandry
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One adult female and multiple adult males (rare)
Ex. Saddleback Tamarin |
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Polygyny
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One adult male and multiple adult female
Ex. Gorilla |
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Multi-Male/Multi-Female
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Multiple adults females and males
Ex. Baboons |
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Fission-Fusion
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Multiple males and female in a group, but with frequent changing of group composition
Ex. Chimpanzee (this is what we do too) |
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Reasons for Living in a Group
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Predator Defense Model
Resource Defense model Mate Acquisition |
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Predator Defense Model
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Advantages:
“selfish herd” effect -odds go down that you will be the one picked by a predator) alarm calls mobbing Disadvantages: Predator attraction |
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Resource Defense model
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Advantages:
Access to resource defended by other groups Disadvantages: Must share resources with your group members |
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Mate Acquisition
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Advantages:
Greater access to potential mates Disadvantages: Leads to competition over mates |
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Resource Distribution
Many small patches |
Small group size
Small homerange |
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Resource Distribution
Few Large patches |
Large group size
Large homerange |
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Gregariousness
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instinctively or temperamentally seeking and enjoying the company of others
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