Bones & Joints

Front 1

How many kinds of bone are there?

Back 1

3

Front 2

Name the three kinds of joints?

Back 2

Long - thigh and arm

Flat - shoulders, skull, ribs & pelvis

Irregular - spinal column, ankle and wrist (sometimes called short bones)

Front 3

What are the wrist bones sometimes called?

Back 3

Short bones.

Front 4

With what are bones covered?

Back 4

A tough sheath, the periosteum, which contains many small nerve endings.

Front 5

What is the tough sheath that bones are covered with called?

Back 5

The periosteum

Front 6

This is why a blow on a bone such as the shin is so painful...

Back 6

Bones are covered by a tough sheath, the periosteum, which contains many small nerve endings.

Front 7

Name the 2 types of bone.

Back 7

Spongy (cancellous

Cortical

Front 8

What are the 2 types of bone (spongy and cortical) composed of?

Back 8

Haversian canals.

Front 9

What are the functions of Haversian canals?

Back 9

Haversian canals carry :

nerves
blood vessels
lymphatics,

surrounded by plates of bone and spaces containing bone cells: -

- osteoblasts and osteocytes, which produce bone, and osteoclasts,which absorb it.

Front 10

They produce bone...

Back 10

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Front 11

It reabsorbs bone...

Back 11

Osteoclasts

Front 12

This is why a blow on a bone such as the shin is so painful...

Back 12

Bones are covered by a tough sheath, the periosteum, which contains many small nerve endings.

Front 13

Name the 2 types of bone.

Back 13

Spongy (cancellous

Cortical

Front 14

What are the 2 types of bone (spongy and cortical) composed of?

Back 14

Haversian canals.

Front 15

What are the functions of Haversian canals?

Back 15

Haversian canals carry :

nerves
blood vessels
lymphatics,

surrounded by plates of bone and spaces containing bone cells: -

- osteoblasts and osteocytes, which produce bone, and osteoclasts,which reabsorb it.

Front 16

They produce bone...

Back 16

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Front 17

Percentage of bone remodeled in adults in a year?

Back 17

15 percent

Front 18

What is the appearance of spongy bone?

Back 18

Has the appearance of a sponge as the canal are larger and the spaces contain bone marrow, comprised of blood and fat cells.

Front 19

What do the spaces in spongy bone contain?

Back 19

Bone marrow, comprised of blood and fat cells.

Front 20

What are manufactured in long bones?

Back 20

Red blood cells.

Red blood cells predominate in childhood, but in adults, this is replaced mainly by yellow, fatty marrow in the medullary cavity.

Front 21

From what are bones formed?

Back 21

From calcium and phosphorus derived from diet and combined to form calcium phosphate.

Front 22

Bones are formed from calcium and phosphorus. Explain.

Back 22

Bones are formed from calcium and phosphorus derived from diet and combined to form calcium phosphate.

Front 23

In long bones, red blood cells are manufactured in the red bone marrow, which predominates in childhood, by what is the red bone marrow replaced in adults?

Back 23

Mainly by yellow, fatty marrow in the medullary cavity.

Front 24

What is the cavity called in which the yellow, fatty marrow can be found?

Back 24

Medullary cavity

Front 25

Where are red blood cells in the long bones manufactured?

Back 25

In the red bone marrow (which predominates in childhood)

Front 26

How do long bones grow?

Back 26

As new bones are deposited by the layer beneath the periosteum and at bands of cartilage, called epiphyseal plates, near the articular surfaces, until full growth is reached between the ages of 18 and 25.

Front 27

Describe the femur.

Back 27

Shaft of femur
Patellar surface

Cortical bone

Bone marrow in medullary cavity

Cancellous spongy bone under patellar surface

Front 28

What are the bands of cartilage called?

Back 28

Epiphyseal plates

Front 29

Where are the epiphyseal plates situated?

Back 29

Near the articular surfaces

Front 30

At which age does a bone reach full growth?

Back 30

Ages 18-25 - when bone replaces this cartilage

Front 31

At which age does bone stop growing?

Back 31

Varies from one bone to another.

Front 32

Where is a joint formed?

Back 32

Where 2 bones meet.

Front 33

What are the surfaces called on which joints move on one another?

Back 33

Articular surfaces

Front 34

Describe joints/

Back 34

They are covered in articular cartilage, which acts as a cushion.

Front 35

Name and describe the 3 types of joints.

Back 35

FIBROUS JOINTS-are fixed and immovable (bones of skull)

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-slightly movable joints in which plate of fibrocartilage separates the bones (breastbone (sternum) and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS-freely movable and lined by a membrane producing a lubricant, synovial fluid.

Front 36

How many types of joints?

Back 36

3

Front 37

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Back 37

Acts as a lubricant, produced by a membrane.

Front 38

What separates the cartilaginous joints?

Back 38

Plate of fibrocartilage.

Front 39

How many varieties of synovial joint are there?

Back 39

7

Front 40

Name the 7 synovial joints.

Back 40

HINGE JOINT

PIVOT JOINT

PLANE JOINT

BALL & SOCKET JOINT

CONDYLOID JOINTS

ELLIPSOID JOINT

SADDLE JOINT

Front 41

Describe the hinge joint.

Back 41

Moves up and down like the lid of a box

Front 42

Describe the pivot joint.

Back 42

Allows rotation only, as in the radius and ulna bones at the elbow or the 2nd bone in the neck.

Front 43

Describe the plane joint.

Back 43

Surfaces are flat, as in the wrist and foot.

Front 44

Describe the ball and socket joints.

Back 44

Such as shoulder and hip - can move in all directions.

Front 45

Describe the condyloid joints.

Back 45

Modified ball-and-socket joints that cannot move upward, such as the fingers and knuckle joints.

Front 46

Describe the ellipsoid joint.

Back 46

Another modified ball-and-docket joint in the wrist involving the carpal and radius bones, capable of all movements except rotation.

Front 47

Describe the saddle joint.

Back 47

Such as the thumb, moves on two axes at right angles to each other.

Front 48

How would you describe joints?

Back 48

Joints are surrounded by a capsule, which is further strengthened by ligaments.

Front 49

Name 2 modified joints?

Back 49

Condyloid joints
Ellipsoid joints

Front 50

This joint moves up and down, what is it called?

Back 50

Hinge joint

Front 51

This joint allows rotation only, as in the radius and ulna bones at the elbow or the second bone in the neck, what is it called?

Back 51

Pivot joint

Front 52

This joint can be found in the shoulder and hip and can move in all directions, what is it called?

Back 52

Ball and socket joint

Front 53

This joint cannot move upward and are modified, such as in the fingers and knuckle joints, what are they called?

Back 53

Condyloid joints

Front 54

Surfaces of this joint are flat, as in the wrist and foot, what are they called?

Back 54

Plane joints

Front 55

This is also a modified ball-and-socket joint in the wrist involving the carpal and radius bones, capable of all movements except rotation, what is this joint called?

Back 55

Ellipsoid joint

Front 56

This joint moves on two axes at right angles to each other such as the thumb, what is it called?

Back 56

Saddle joint.