Bones And Muscles

Front 1

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Long bone

Back 1

Elongated and consists of shaft with wo ends that are wider than the shaft.

Example: Humerus

Front 2

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Flat bone

Back 2

Thin and flattened shape.

Example: Parietal bone and other bones that form roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

Front 3

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Sutural Bone

Back 3

Small, flat, irregular shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull.

Front 4

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Irregular bone

Back 4

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces.

Examples: Vertebrae, bones of pelvis, bones of skull

Front 5

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Short bone

Back 5

Small and boxy with approximately equal dimensions.

Examples: Carpal bones (wrist) and tarsal bones (ankles)

Front 6

Explain and give an example of bone shape:

Sesamoid

Back 6

Small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed. Variation of number and location of sesamoid bones in individuals.

Example: Patella

Front 7

Compare and contrast structure and function of spongy vs compact bone and how it relates to healing time

Back 7

Compact bone: Function is to protect, support, and resist stress. Basic functional unit is the osteon. Haversian canal contains blood vessels that carry blood to and from osteon. Inner and outer surfaces of bone are covered by endosteum and periosteum. Compact bone is thickest where stresses arrive fromlimited range of directions

Spongy bone: Function is to provide some support and store marrow. Basic functional unit are bundles of matrix known as trabeculae. Does not contain capillaries or blood vessels thus nutrients reach osteocytes via diffusion along canniculi. Red bone marrow is found between the trabeculae andblood vessels within this tissue deliver nutrients and remove waste products. found where bones are not heavily stressed thus arelighter and muscles are able to move the bone easier.

Repair of fracture: 1) Fracture hematoma formation. 2) Callus formation. 3) Spongy bone formation. 4) Compact bone formation.

Front 8

Identify periosteum and endosteum

Back 8

Periosteum:

1) Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues

2) Provides a route for blood vessels and nerves

3) Takes part in bone growth and repair

Endosteum:

1) Incomplete cellular layer that lines the meduallary cavity.

2) Active in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

3) Covers trabeculae of spongy bones and lines inner surface of the central canals of compact bone.

Front 9

Explain bone growth andformation, and describe appositional growth

Back 9

Endochondral ossification –Most bone originate as hyaline cartilage that are gradually replaced byendochondral ossification. In adults, epiphyseal lines are what remain at theend of enchondral ossification and the completion of epiphyseal growth resultsin epiphyseal closure. Appositional growth occurs when the cells of the innerlayer of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit superficiallayers of the bone matrix. Eventually, the osteoblasts become surrounded bymatrix and develop into osteocytes. Appositional growth adds circumferentiallamellae to the surface and in time, the deepest circumferential lamellae arerecycled and replaced by osteons of compact bone. At the same time ofosteoblastic activity, osteoclasts removed bone matrix from the inner surfaceat a slower rate which results in the medullary activity enlarging as the bonegets larger in diameter.

Intramembranous ossification –Begins when osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal or fibrous connectivetissues. Also called dermal ossification because it takes place in the deepestlayers of the dermis. The bones that result are called dermal bones such asflat bones of skull, mandible, and clavicles. Steps are: Mesenchymal cellscluster then differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete components of theorganic matrix. The resulting osteoid then becomes mineralized and startsforming the bone matrix. As ossification proceeds, some osteoblasts are trappedinside bony pockets where they differentiate into osteocyte and grow outward insmall struts called spicules. Blood vessels then begin to branch within theregion and grow between spicules and helps increase rate of bone growth with supplyof oxygen and nutrients. Spicule interconnect and trap blood vessels within thebone. Continues deposits of bone by osteoblasts located close to blood vesselsresult in spongy bone and the remodeling around the blood vessels produceosteons which typically turn into compact bone. Osteoblasts on surface alongwith connective tissues become periosteum.

Both growth require extensiveblood supply. In bone like humerus, 3 major blood vessels develop. 1) thenutrient artery/vein – BV that supplies the diaphysis form by invadingcartilage model as endochondral ossification begins. Most bone have only onenutrient artery and one nutrient vein but some such as the femur have more thanone. Enters through the nutrient foramina and branches of these large vesselsform perforating canals and etend along shaft into osteons of surroundingcompact bone. 2) Metaphyseal vessels – supply blood to inner (diaphseal)surface of each epiphyseal cartilage where it is being replaced by bone. 3)Periosteal vessel – BV from periosteum provide blood to superficial osteons ofthe shaft. During endochondral bone formation, periosteal vessels enterepiphyses and provide blood to secondary ossification centers. The periosteumalso contain lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves. The lymphatics collect lymphfrom branches that enter bone and reach each osteon via perforating canals.Sensory nerves penetrate compact bone with nutrient artery to innervateendosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses.

Appostional growth: Growth of bone that makes bones thicker in diameter. Cells of inner layer of periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit superficial layers of bone matrix.

Front 10

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Calcitriol

Back 10

Promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract

Front 11

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Growth Hormone

Back 11

Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix

Front 12

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Thyroxine

Back 12

Along with growth hormone, stimulate osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

Front 13

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Sex Hormones

Back 13

Stimulate osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix; estrogens stimulate epiphyseal closure earlier than androgens.

Front 14

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 14

Stimulates osteoclast (and osteoblast) activity; increases blood calcium ion concentrations

Front 15

Hormone and effect on bone growth:

Calcitonin

Back 15

Inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss by kidneys; decreases blood calcium ion concentration

Front 16

Basic function of skeletal muscle:

Back 16

1) Produce skeletal movement

2) Maintain posture and body position

3) Support soft tissues

4) Guard body entrances and exits

5) Maintain body temperature

6) Store nutrients

Front 17

Describe the organizationand functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Epimysium

Back 17

Epimysium is a dense layer ofcollagen fibers that surrounds entire muscle and separates muscle from nearbytissue and organs.

Front 18

Describe the organization and functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Perimysium

Back 18

Perimysium divides skeletalmuscle into series of compartments containing a bundle of muscle fibers knownas a fascicle. The perimysium also contains blood vessels and nerves thatsupply the muscle fibers.

Front 19

Describe the organization and functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Endomysium

Back 19

Endomysium surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber andloosely interconnects adjacent fibers. The endomysium also contains capillarynetworks that supply blood and myosatellite cells (stem cells) that help repairdamaged muscle, and also contains nerve fibers that control the muscle.

Front 20

Describe the organization and functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Fascicle

Back 20

Arrangement of muscle fibers which are separated into different classes: Parallel, Convergent, Pennate & Circular

Front 21

Describe the organization and functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Tendon

Back 21

Bundle of epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium that come together at the end of each muscle. Usually attach muscle to bone.

Front 22

Describe the organization and functions of tissues within a skeletal muscle:

Aponeurosis

Back 22

Broad sheet of epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium that come together at the end of a muscle. May serve as insertion or origin of skeletal muscle

Front 23

Identify Muscle type:

Parallel

Back 23

1) Fascicles are parallel to longaxis of muscle.2) Most skeletal muscle isparallel.

3) Spindle shaped muscle hascentral body or belly.

4) When contracting, itshortens and gets larger in diameter.

Bicepsbrachii is an example of parallel muscle with body.

Front 24

Identify Muscle type:

Convergent

Back 24

1) Fascicles extending over abroad area converge on a common attachment site.

2) May pull on tendon,aponeurosis, or raphe (slender band of collagen fibers).

3) Typically spread out like afan.

4) Versatile becausestimulation of different portions of muscle can change direction of pull.

Pectoralismuscle of chest is example.

Front 25

Identify Muscle type:

Pennate

Back 25

1)Fascicles form a commonangle with the tendon.

2) Similar to parallel musclesbut do not move tendons as far.

3) Contains more muscle fibersthan parallel thus produces more tension.

4) Unipennate – all musclesfibers are on same side as tendon (ie extensor digitorum muscle) 5) Bipennate – fibers are onboth side of tendon (ie rectus femoris muscle)

6) Multipennate– tendon branches within the pennate muscle (ie deltdoid muscle)

Front 26

Identify Muscle type:

Circular

Back 26

Fascicles areconcentrically arranged around an opening.

Exampleis orbicularis oris muscle of mouth.

Front 27

Describe the differentclasses of levers:

Crowbar

Back 27

Fulcrum lies between applied force and load.

Example: Extension of the neck

Front 28

Describe the differentclasses of levers :

Wheelbarrow

Back 28

Load lies between Applied Force and Fulcrum. Small force can move larger weight because force is always fartherfrom F than L is.EffectiveF is increased @ expense of speed and distance.

Example: Ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles

Front 29

Describe the differentclasses of levers:

Catapult

Back 29

AP is between L and F.Most common lever in body.Speedand distance traveled are increased at expense of effective force.

Example: Biceps brachii which flexes elbow. Load is 6X farther from fulcrum thanapplied force.