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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of bone? (i.e. cells, matrix) |
Cells - osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts Matrix - collagen, glycoproteins, mineral |
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Achondroplasia -defect of bone development |
-defect of endochondral ossificiation -causes dwarfism --> growth of long bone is retarded (arms, legs) , normal trunk -autosomal dominant |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta -defect of bone development |
-defective bone formation -mutations in genes encoding collagen (principal comp. of osteoid) -autosomal recessive/dominant -varying age of onset other defect: blue sclerae, thin skin, thin dental enamel |
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Osteomyelitis |
-bacterial infection of the bone -causes: pyogenic cocci, mixed flora, TB -acute infection which may progress to chronic |
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What is the pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis? |
1. Hematogenous deposit of Staph in the metaphysis 2. PMNs attracted, forming pus 3. Pus spreads into epiphysis and through compact bone Types: sequestra - devitalized bone fragments cut off from blood supply (necrotic bone) involucrum - reactive bone formed to wall off infection |
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Osteoporosis |
-bone is normal, but thinned out (less density) causes: -primary - disease of the elderly -secondary - hormonal problems, dietary, immobilization |
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Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis |
-loss of bone matrix and mineral -bone loss > bone formation -after menopause in women, bone loss accelerates b/c of loss of estrogen features - vertebral fractures, fracture of neck of femur |
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Osteomalacia
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-bone is abnormal, "soft" --> rickets in young -inadequate mineralization of organic matrix caused by disturbances in vit D/PO4 metabolism Causes: vit D deficiency, hypophosphatemia |
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Osteomalacia and Rickets |
Children (Rickets) - new bone formation is affected --> growth retardation and deformities Adults/children -fractures and muscle spasms |
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Fractures |
Disruption of bone continuity from mechanical stress |
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What is a simple fracture? |
one fracture line, bone not exposed to environment |
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Compound fracture |
one fracture line, bone IS exposed to the environment |
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Comminuted fracture |
several fragments
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Complete fracture |
cortex to cortex (complete split but not multiple fragments) |
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Incomplete fracture |
part way through bone |
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Causes of fractures |
-Traumatic - obvious physical cause -Pathologic - fracture through pre-existing disease in bone |
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How do fractures heal ? |
-hematoma fills and surrounds injured area (clotted blood seals fracture line) -clot organizes to soft tissue pro-callus -conversion to new formed fibrocartilaginous callus (one week) -replacement by bony provisional callus --> creates spindle-shaped splint -remodeling with osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity |
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Treatment of fractures |
-immobilization of fracture, reconstruction of any gap, debridement(removal of necrotic tissue) Factors that delay healing: nutrition, infection, failure of immobilization |
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Osteosarcoma |
-tumor of the bone (long bones) -metaphysis of long bones (location) -treatment - surgery/chemotherapy (5 year survival) |
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Osteoarthritis |
-degenerative joint disease (wear and tear of articular cartilage) cartilage shows signs of: softening, surface defects, irregular thinning -bone degeneration --> bone cysts -denuded bone --> enuberation (polished bone) |
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What are clinical features of ostoarthritis? |
-weight-bearing and small joints of hands are affected -pain and stiffness -decr.mobility and deformity -Heberden's nodes: osteophytes (bony spicules) ULNAR DRIFT IS NOT SEEN |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
-chronic disease of unknown etiology -systemic autoimmune disease affecting synovial joints synovitis - exudation of fluid and inflammatory cells into joint -ingrowth of vessels and synovial cells -secretion of lytic enzymes (pannus) --> destruction of cartilage and erosion of bone |
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Clinical features of Rheumatoid arthritis |
-insidious onset -systemic disease with fever, malaise, anemia -symmetrical involvement of joints Complications: -joint deformities -contractures (ULNAR DRIFT) |
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Pannus |
Inflamed sinovium |
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Ankylosis |
Immobilized joints |
