Bones

Front 1

axial vs appendicular

Back 1

axial: the skull to the pelvic bone

appendicular: the appendages (arms, legs)

Front 2

long bones

Back 2

most limb bones

Front 3

short bones

Back 3

wrist and ankle bones plus sesamoid bones

Front 4

flat bones

Back 4

sternum, scapulae, ribs, outer skull bones

Front 5

irregular bones

Back 5

vertebrae, hip bones, inner skull bones

Front 6

compact bone

Back 6

dense matrix

located on surface of bone

lacunae, canaliculi, and lamellae arranged in concentric circles (units called osteons)

blood vessels travel through a central canal in the center of each osteon. central canals carry blood vessels and nerves from perforating/Volkmann's canals

collagen arrangement in adjacent lamellae increase resistance to torsion/ twisting

Front 7

spongy bone

Back 7

inner part of flat bones

at the edges of long bone marrow cavities

within the epiphyses of long bones

matrix bundled into struts called trabecylae, blood vessels extend between trabeculae

red marrow common

Front 8

yellow marrow

Back 8

adipose, mainly in the shafts of long bones

Front 9

red marrow

Back 9

stems cells give rise to red blood cells and white blood cells, matures and prepares these cells to enter blood circulation

mainly within the spongy bone of flat bones

Front 10

diaphysis

Back 10

the shaft of long bone

primarily filled with yellow marrow in adults

Front 11

epiphysis

Back 11

expanded ends of long bone

often part of joints, interact with other bones

often filled with spongy bone

external area covered with hyaline cartilage

Front 12

epiphyseal plate

Back 12

cartilage junction between epiphysis and diaphysis in adolescents

Front 13

epiphyseal line/metaphysis

Back 13

ossified junction between epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 14

nutrient foramina

Back 14

where vessels and nerves enter the long bone

Front 15

flat, short, irregular bone composition

Back 15

spongy bone (diploe) between compact bone

no marrow cavity, red marrow fills spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone.

Front 16

periostium

Back 16

covering of bone

contains a fibrous, dense, irregular connective layer and a cellular layer (osteogenic) composed of bone cells

dense irregular connective area is an extension of the deep fascia

cellular layer contacts the bone

collagen fibers/sharpey's fibers ties the periosteum to the bone, tendons, and ligaments

vascular and innervated

Front 17

endostim

Back 17

bone covering, a layer of bone cells that lines the inner part of bones

specifically the marrow cavities, trabeculae and central canals

Front 18

chemical composition of bones

Back 18

bone cells plus the matrix (inorganic calcium salts + osteoid)

osteoid, ground substance + collagen

creates a strong, non-brittle structure that is resistant to compression and twisting

Front 19

calcium salts

Back 19

calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide = hydroxyapetite

fluoride and magnesium form ossification salts

Front 20

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

Back 20

give rise to osteoblasts

important for repair, growth, and restructuring of bone

located in periosteum and endosteum

Front 21

osteoblasts

Back 21

produce and secrete the organic matrix (collagen)

collect and deposit calcium salts upon collagen

located in periostium and endosteum

give rise to osteocytes

Front 22

osteocytes

Back 22

mature bone cells

osteoblasts produce matrix in a growing bone, which develops into an osteocyte

live in cavities in the matrix called lacunae

send extensions through tunnels in the matrix called canaliculi

communicate with neighboring osteocytes through gap junctions at the end of cytoplasmic extensions

lamallae, layers of calcified matrix, between canaliculi

maintain the matrix locally, communicating with osteoblasts and osteoclasts on where to build up and break down bone

Front 23

osteoclasts

Back 23

dissolve the bone matrix

not related in origin to other bone cells
located in periosteum and endosteum