Bone Tissue Ch6 Human Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Osteology is the

Back 1

The study of bone

Front 2

Chrondro means

Back 2

Cartilage

Front 3

Cartilage consist of cells known as_______

Back 3

Chondrocytes

Front 4

Cartilage is surrounded by a layer covering of dense irregular connective tissue know as________

Back 4

Perichondrium

Front 5

Cartilages of the skeleton (8):

Back 5

Articular
Costal
Laryngeal
Tracheal and bronchial
Nasal
Intervertebral disk
Ligaments
Tendons

Front 6

This cartilage cover the bone ends

Back 6

Articular cartilage

Front 7

This cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum

Back 7

Costal cartilages

Front 8

This cartilage support the nose

Back 8

Nasal cartilage

Front 9

This cartilage attach muscle to bone

Back 9

Tendons

Front 10

This cartilage construct the larynx

Back 10

Laryngeal cartilage

Front 11

This cartilage hold bones together at the joints

Back 11

Ligaments

Front 12

This cartilage separate cushion bones of the spine

Back 12

Intervertebral disk

Front 13

This cartilage reinforce other passage ways of the respiratory system

Back 13

Tracheal and bronchial cartilages

Front 14

Axial skeleton consist of_______(6)

Back 14

Skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Sacrum
Hyoid

Front 15

Appendicular skeleton consist of________(4)

Back 15

Pectoral gridle
Upper extremity
Pelvic gridle
Lower extremity

Front 16

Osseous tissue is

Back 16

Bone

Front 17

Connective tissue that has a hard matrix because of deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

Back 17

Osseous tissue

Front 18

Name of the hardening process of bone

Back 18

Mineralization or Calcification

Front 19

Classification of bones
Four groups:

Back 19

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Front 20

What bones are long and slender?

Back 20

Long bones

Front 21

Location of the long bones

Back 21

Arm, forearm, thigh, leg, metacarpal, phalanges of the hand, metatarsals, phalanges of the feet.

Front 22

Example of the long bone is

Back 22

Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, etc

Front 23

What group of bones provide structural support and movement?

Back 23

Long bones

Front 24

What bones are small and boxy?

Back 24

Short bones

Front 25

Ex of the short bones:

Back 25

Carpal, tarsal

Front 26

Function of the short bones:

Back 26

Makes ankle and wrist bend in multiple direction or glide across one another and multiple directions.

Front 27

That group of bones Makes ankle and wrist bend in multiple direction or glide across one another and multiple directions?

Back 27

Short bones

Front 28

What group of bones has a thin roughly parallel surfaces or sandviched like structure

Back 28

Flat bones

Front 29

What bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, pelvic bones, the ribs and scapulae?

Back 29

Flat bones

Front 30

What group of bones protect soft tissue of the brain and organs in the thorax?

Back 30

Flat bones

Front 31

Example of Flat bones:

Back 31

Shoulder blade, ribs, sternum

Front 32

What group of bones has complicated shapes?

Back 32

Irregular bones

Front 33

Ex of the irregular bones:

Back 33

Vertebrae, coxal bone

Front 34

What type of short bones formed in tendons?

Back 34

Sesamoid bones
Ex: patellas (kneecaps)

Front 35

What type of bones is tiny and soft , and found in sutures between cranial bones?

Back 35

Wormain or sutural bones

Front 36

The external layer of a bone known as ______

Back 36

Compact bone

Front 37

Bone textures*
What type of bone is dense, smooth, and solid?

Back 37

Compact bone

Front 38

Bone textures*
What type of bone has trabeculae and red or yellow bone marrow?

Back 38

Spongy bone

Front 39

What is a trabeculae?

Back 39

Honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces.

Front 40

Two types of bone textures:

Back 40

Spongy bone and compact bone

Front 41

Diaphysis is the_______

Back 41

Central part of a long bone

Front 42

_________ Is the central part of a long bone forming the long axis of the bone

Back 42

Diaphysis

Front 43

_______ is the space in the diaphysis that contains bone marrow.

Back 43

Marrow cavity

Front 44

Marrow cavity also known as _____________

Back 44

Medullary cavity

Front 45

Extremities or ends of a long bone also called ________

Back 45

Epithyses

Front 46

______ minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

Back 46

Nutrient foramina

Front 47

What is Nutrient foramina?

Back 47

It is a minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

Front 48

Periosteum is a

Back 48

White, double layered membrane that covers external surfaces of bone.

Front 49

______ is a white, double layered membrane that covers external surfaces of bone.

Back 49

Periosteum

Front 50

Endosteum is a

Back 50

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue covering the internal bone surface

Front 51

What is Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

Back 51

Area of hyaline cartilage that separates marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 52

Epiphyseal line is a

Back 52

In adults, a bony scar that Marc's where growth plate used to be

Front 53

Structure of a long bone:

Back 53

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Marrow cavity
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Nutrient foramina
Periosteum
Endosteum
Epiphyseal plate
Epipheseal line

Front 54

______ general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid trabeculae of spongy bone

Back 54

Bone marrow

Front 55

2 types of bone marrow :

Back 55

Yellow and red marrow

Front 56

What type of marrow is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones?

Back 56

Red marrow

Front 57

_____ marrow found in adults.

Back 57

Red marrow

Front 58

Most ____ marrow turns into _______ fatty marrow.

Back 58

Red, yellow

Front 59

In _____ bones, the spongy bone called the diploe

Back 59

Flat bones

Front 60

What is diploe?

Back 60

The name for spongy bone in flat bones

Front 61

What bones are share a simple design ?

Back 61

Short, irregular and flat bones.

Front 62

_____ bone has a sandwich like construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone

Back 62

Flat bone

Front 63

Functions of bones:

Back 63

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Blood formation

Front 64

Bone is connective tissue that consists of____________

Back 64

Cells , fibers, and ground substance

Front 65

Four types of bone cells:

Back 65

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Front 66

Osteogenic cell is also known as a ______ cell

Back 66

Stem cell

Front 67

____ cells that develop from me embryonic mesenchymal cells and then give rise to most other bone cells

Back 67

Osteogenic or stem

Front 68

Where is location of osteogenic cells?

Back 68

Found in the endosteum and in the inner layer of periosteum

Front 69

Osteogenic cells multiply continuously and some become ____

Back 69

Osteoblasts

Front 70

Osteoblast is a

Back 70

Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone gtowth

Front 71

Name the cell that is a matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone gtowth

Back 71

Osteoblast

Front 72

Which cell secrete osteocalcin?

Back 72

Osteoblast

Front 73

Osteocyte is a

Back 73

Mature bone cell that reside in little chamber known as lacunae. It also monitors and maintains bone matrix

Front 74

______ is a mature bone cell that reside in little chamber known as lacunae. It also monitors and maintains bone matrix

Back 74

Osteocyte

Front 75

Osteoclast is a

Back 75

Bone resorbing cell

Front 76

_______ is a bone dissolving cell found on the bone surface. They develop from the same bone marrow that gives rise to the blood cells.

Back 76

Osteoclast

Front 77

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Back 77

Break down bone and release minerals from bone fluid and transfer calcium to the blood

Front 78

Compact bone is also known as

Back 78

Lamellar bone

Front 79

Compact bone consist of _______

Back 79

Osteon (harversian system)

Front 80

Osteon is the

Back 80

Basic structural unit of compact bone.

Front 81

Each osteon ( haversian system ) consist of two things:

Back 81

Lamellae and Central (harversian) canal

Front 82

The harversian canal contains the __________

Back 82

Bone's nerve and blood supply

Front 83

Lacunae is a

Back 83

Little chamber and cavities where mature bone cells osteocytes reside.

Front 84

Canaliculi is the

Back 84

Hair like canal that connect lacunae to each other and to the central harvest an canal

Front 85

Lamellae is a

Back 85

Thin flat scale, membrane, or layer

Front 86

Interstitial lamellae are_______

Back 86

Incomplete lamellae that are not part of complete osteon
They fill gaps between forming osteons

Front 87

______ are incomplete lamellae that are not part of complete osteon
They fill gaps between forming osteons

Back 87

Interstitial lamellae

Front 88

Circumferential lamellae

Back 88

Located deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum Extend aroun entire surface of diaphysis
They resist twisting of long bone

Front 89

________ is located deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum Extend aroun entire surface of diaphysis
They resist twisting of long bone

Back 89

Circumferential lamellae

Front 90

Spongy bone is also known as__________

Back 90

Cancellous bones

Front 91

What type of bone is consist of small needlelike or flat pieces of bone known as trabeculae?

Back 91

Spongy bone

Front 92

What type of bone contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes are intercorred by canaliculi?

Back 92

Spongy bone

Front 93

What is Osteofication or Osteogenesis?

Back 93

the formation of bone

Front 94

#
_______ is the name for the formation of bone.

Back 94

Osteofication or Osteogenesis

Front 95

#
Name two methods of how bone develops in the human fetus and infant.

Back 95

1) intramembraneous ossification
2) endochondral occification

Front 96

#
What is
1) intramembraneous ossification
2) endochondral occification
???

Back 96

two methods of how bone develops in the human fetus and infant.

Front 97

#
_______ produce the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

Back 97

intramembraneous ossification

Front 98

#
Steps of the intramembanous ossification(4):

Back 98

1)Occification centers appear in a fibrous connective tissue membrane
2) Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and clacifies
3) Woven bone nd periosteum form
4) lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. red marrow appers.

Front 99

#
Endochondral ossification 6 steps!!!!

Back 99

1) messencyme cells develop into cartilage model , the shape of the future bone. then perichondriun produce chondrocytes and the cartilage model grow in thickness.
2)Perichondrium stop producing chondrocytes and begin producing osteoblast
-osteoblasts then debosit a compact bone
-perichondrium bocomes periosteum
3) blood vesslels penetrate the bony collar and invade the primary occification center
As the center of model is filled out with blood and stems cell it becomes aprimary marrow cavity
-chondocyte enlargement and death occure in the epiphysis of the model creating a secondary ossification center
4)secondary ossification center becomes hollowed out, and generate secondary marrow cavity in the epiphysis
5)cartilage then limited to the articular cartilage covering and epiphyseal plate
6) primary amd secondary marrow cavity unite into a single cavity

Front 100

#
What is Endochondrial ossification???

Back 100

it is the procces in which bone develops from pre-existing cartilage model.

Front 101

#
When is the Endochondrial ossification begins and ends?

Back 101

begining the 6th fetal week and ending in 20th

Front 102

#
the process of replace of cartilage by bone is known as ________

Back 102

Endochondral ossification

Front 103

Appositional growth

Back 103

growth in diametr and thickness

Front 104

Interstitial growth

Back 104

growth in length

Front 105

The cause of Gigantism is_____

Back 105

Hypersecretion of hormones

Front 106

A deficit of growth hormone can cause _____

Back 106

dwarfism

Front 107

Achondroplastic dwarfism is when ______

Back 107

long bones of the limb stop growing in childhood while growth of other bones is uneffected

Front 108

pituitary dwarfism is when _____

Back 108

lack of growth hormone

Front 109

Name a cristalization process in which calcium phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and depositd in bone tissue.

Back 109

Mineral deposition

Front 110

Mineral deposition is a

Back 110

a cristalization process in which calcium phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and depositd in bone tissue.

Front 111

Mineral resorption is a

Back 111

the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood
Osteoclasts

Front 112

Calcium concentration in blood plasma is normaly ______

Back 112

9.2 to 10.4

Front 113

Calcium deficiency is known as ______

Back 113

hypocalcemia

Front 114

Carpopedal spasm cauced by ____

Back 114

Hypocalcemia

Front 115

Hypercalcemia is when____

Back 115

blood calcium is 12 or higher

Front 116

_____ causes depression, emotional disturbance, musscle weakness and cardiac arrest.

Back 116

Hypercalcemia

Front 117

Calcium homeostasis is gegulated by 3 hormones :

Back 117

Calcitriol
Calsitonin
Parathyroid hormone

Front 118

______ a form of vitamin D produced by sequential action of skin, liver and kidneys
It also raises blood calcium concentration

Back 118

Calcitriol

Front 119

______ (lowers blood calcium) is secreted by C cells of the tyroid gland when calcium concentration raises too high

Back 119

Calcitonin

Front 120

_____ is secreated by parathyroid glands. These glands release PTH when calcium is too low.

Back 120

Parothyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 121

_____ is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
ex:

Back 121

stress fracture
falls, athletics, milirary combat

Front 122

stress fracture is a

Back 122

is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
ex: falls, athletics, milirary combat

Front 123

Pathological fracture is a

Back 123

is a break in bone weakned by some other disease
Such as bone cancer or osteoporosis

Front 124

____ is a break in bone weakned by some other disease
Such as bone cancer or osteoporosis

Back 124

Pathological fracture

Front 125

*Types of fractures:
Simple-

Back 125

bone braks cleanly,does not penetrate the skin

Front 126

*Types of fractures:
Compound-

Back 126

broken ends of bone protrude through the skin

Front 127

*Types of fractures:
comminuted

Back 127

bone fragments into many pieces

Front 128

*Types of fractures:
Compression

Back 128

bone is crushed

Front 129

*Types of fractures:
depressed

Back 129

broken bone portion is pressed inward

Front 130

*Types of fractures:
Impacted-

Back 130

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

Front 131

*Types of fractures:
Greenstick-

Back 131

Bone breaks incompletley similar to a green twig

Front 132

*Types of fractures:
Non displaced-

Back 132

the portions of bone are still in correct anatomical alignment

Front 133

How long does it take bone to fracture?

Back 133

uncomplicated fractures normally 8 - 12 weeks

Front 134

4 stages of healing bone fractures:

Back 134

1. Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Remodeling