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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three major components of the skeletal system? |
Bones, cartilages, & ligaments |
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What are the five functions of the skeletal system? |
1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Blood formation (hematopoiesis) 5. Electrolyte balance |
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What are the 4 different shapes of bones? |
Long, short, flat, & irregular |
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Describe long bones. |
Serve as rigid levers for movement; examples are humerus, radius, & ulna |
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Describe short bones. |
Glide across each other to allow flexibility; examples are carpals & tarsals |
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Describe flat bones. |
Enclose & protect organs; examples are cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula |
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Describe irregular bones. |
Don't fit into any other bone category; examples are vertebrae, sphenoid & ethmoid bones |
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Describe the blood supply to a long bone. |
Nutrient artery, enters through nutrient foramen & supplies the diaphysis. Epiphyseal & periosteal ateries supply the epiphysis & periosteum (veins accompany arteries). |
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Describe the nerve supply to a long bone. |
Nerves accompany arteries creating a neurovascular bundle (most sensory nerves are in the periosteum). |
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What are osteogenic cells? |
Bone "stem" cells; found in endosteum, inner layer of periosteum, & in central canals; undergo mitosis & form osteoblasts |
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What are osteoblasts? |
Bone forming cells; secrete fibers & salts (matrix) needed for bone formation; when they mature they become osteocytes |
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What are osteocytes? |
When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they make, they become osteocytes; "resting" bone cell; line in lacunae; maintain bone |
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What are osteoclasts? |
Develop from WBC; rather large & multinucleated; reabsorb bony matrix; together with osteoblasts, remodel & reshape bone |
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What are the components of bone matrix? |
Water (25%), collagen fibers (25%), mineral salts (50%) |
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Describe compact (dense) bone. |
Located in the external layer of all bones & the bulk of the diaphysis; structural unit is the osteon |
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Describe spongy (cancellous) bone. |
Located in the bulk of short, flat, & irregular bones & the bulk of the epiphysis; structural units are flat trabeculae & pointed spicules; only site of red marrow in adults |
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Describe interstitial growth. |
Occurs at the metaphysis; division & enlargement of the middle two zones push epiphysis away from diaphysis; zone 5 creates a region of spongy bone at the end of the marrow cavity; remains the same until teen years; controlled by hormones; plate then becomes line; for length |
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What are the zones of an epiphyseal plate? |
Zone of reserve cartilage, zone of cell proliferation, zone of cell hypertrophy, zone of calcification, & zone of bone deposition |
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Describe appositional growth. |
Occurs under the periosteum; osteoblasts deposit bone on the outside; osteoclasts lining the endosteum reabsorb bone from inside widening the marrow cavity; for diameter |
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What is the purpose from bone growth & remodeling? |
Wolff's Law of Bone; "the architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it & the bone then adapts to withstand those stresses" |
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Describe the causes, consequences, and prevention of osteoporosis. |
Loss of calcium & minerals leads to decrease in bone mass, which puts you at higher risk of fracture. Prevention: diet & exercise |
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Blast means... |
Form or produce |
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Canal means... |
Channel |
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Chondr means... |
Cartilage |
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Clast means... |
Break |
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Cul means... |
Little |
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Dia means... |
Across |
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Endo means... |
Within |
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Epi means... |
Above |
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Genic means... |
Producing |
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Hemo means... |
Blood |
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Icul means... |
Little |
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Intra means... |
Within |
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Lac means... |
Lake or hollow |
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Osis means... |
Condition of |
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Osteo means... |
Bone |
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Penia means... |
Lack or deficiency |
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Peri means... |
Around |
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Physis means... |
Growth |
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-poie means... |
Make |
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Por means... |
Porus |
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Trabe means... |
Plate |
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Una means... |
Little |
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What are concentric lamellae? |
Layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal. |
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What is a central (haversian) canal? |
Opening for neurovascular bundle to pass through. |
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What is an osteon (haversian system)? |
A central canal & its lamellae make up an osteon; basic structural unit of compact bone |
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What is a perforating (Volkmann) canal? |
Canals that run nerves and blood vessels along the central canal. |
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What are circumferential lamellae? |
Matrix that runs parallel to bone surface |
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What are interstitial lamellae? |
Matrix found between osteons |
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What is lacunae? |
Tiny cavities in bone |
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What are canaliculi? |
Little channels between lacunae that allow communication between osteons |
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What is the diaphysis? |
Shaft of long bone |
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What is the epiphysis? |
Expanded head at each end of a long bone |
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What is an epiphyseal line? |
Marks the former location of an epiphyseal plate |
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What is an epiphyseal plate? |
A zone where the bone grows in length |
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What is compact bone? |
White osseous tissue |
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What is spongy bone? |
Loosely organized osseous tissue |
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What is the marrow (medullary) cavity? |
Space in bone that contains bone marrow |
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What is red marrow? |
Creates blood cells |
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What is yellow marrow? |
Does not create blood cells |
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What is articular cartilage? |
Hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones |
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What is the periosteum? |
A sheath of collagen surrounding bone |
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What is endosteum? |
Internal surface of bone is lined with it; a thin layer of reticular connective tissue |
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What is the nutrient foramen? |
Holes for blood vessels to enter bone |
