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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do you find HYALINE CARTILAGE?
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Articular cartilages, costal cartilage, larynx, trachea, nose
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What is CARTILAGE?
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Resilient tissue that springs back into place
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where do you find ELASTIC CARTILAGE?
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Ear pinna, epiglottis
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where do you find FIBROCARTILAGE?
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intervertebral discs, knee menisci, pubic symphysis
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what is the most abundant cartilage?
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hyaline cartilage
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2 characteristics of hyaline cartilage:
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-rich in collagen fibers w/ glassy appearance
-provides support through flexibility & resisting compression |
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2 characteristics of elastic cartilage:
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-able to tolerate repeated bending
-contains elastic fibers & collagen fibers |
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types of cartilage:
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HYALINE, ELASTIC, FIBROCARTILAGE
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2 characteristics of fibrocartilage:
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-intermediate btwn elastic & hyaline
-resists strong compression (push) & tension (pull) |
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PERICHONDRIUM
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membrane of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
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where does new cartilage come from?
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chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium
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where does new matrix in cartilage come from?
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chondrocytes withing cartilage
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when does cartilage stop growing?
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when the skeleton does
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5 different tissues in bone:
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-bone connective
-blood connective -nervous -cartilage -epithelial (lines blood vessels) |
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6 functions of bones
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-support
-movement -protection -mineral storage -blood cell formation -energy metabolism |
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what do osteoblasts secrete?
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osteocalcin
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what is OSTEOCALCIN?
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stimulates pancreas to produce more insulin & induces fat cells to become more insulin sensitive
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is bone tissue composed mostly of organic or inorganic components?
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inorganic (65%), organic is only 35%
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what is the purpose of inorganic components of bone tissue?
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mineral salt crystals pack tightly to give bones its exceptional hardness to resist compression
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which keeps the bone matrix healthy?
a. osteogenic cells b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts |
OSTEOCYTES
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what is responsible for bone resorption?
a. osteogenic cells b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts |
OSTEOCLASTS, remove bone from the internal surface along the diaphysis as remodelling takes place with increase in diameter
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what actively produces and secretes bone matrix?
a. osteogenic cells b. osteoblasts c. osteocytes d. osteoclasts |
OSTEOBLASTS, add bone tissue to the external surface along the diaphysis
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what is the OSTEOID?
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bone matrix
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OSTEOBLASTS arise from....
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osteogenic cells
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OSTEOCLASTS are derived from _________ and secrete _________ & ___________.
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white blood cells
HCl; lysosomal enzymes |
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LONG BONES examples
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in extremities: radius, ulna, tibia, femur, etc
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SHORT BONES examples
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cube-shaped bones as in wrist and ankle
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What are a special type of short bone which are sesame seed shaped & include knee caps?
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SESAMOID BONES
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FLAT BONES examples
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thin flattened bones, usually curved: ribs, sternum, scapula, cranial bones
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IRREGULAR BONES examples
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various shapes: vertebrate, hips bones, etc
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What are the two layers of the PERIOSTEUM?
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-SUPERFICIAL OUTER PERIOSTEUM LAYER
-DEEP INNER PERIOSTEUM LAYER |
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What layer resists tension placed on bone?
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Superificial outer periosteum
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Which layer is osteogenic and forms osteoblasts& osteoclasts?
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Deep inner periosteum layers
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What are PERFORATING FIBERS?
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perforating fibers aka sharpey's fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone w/ thick bundles of collagen
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What are SHARPEY'S FIBERS?
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AKA PERFORATING FIBERS, they secure periosteum to the underlying bone w/ thick bundles of collagen
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What lines the medullary cavity of the bone?
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ENDOSTEUM
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what is DIPLOE?
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DIPLOE is the internal spony bone
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what kind of bones is DIPLOE made of?
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trabeculae flat bones
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COMPACT BONES contain passage ways for _, _, and _.
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blood vessels
lymph vessels nerves |
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what are OSTEONS
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AKA HAVERSON SYSTEM, long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone, support, resembles tree rings, group of concentric tubes
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what is the HAVERSON SYSTEM
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AKA OSTEONS, long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone, support, resembles tree rings, group of concentric tubes
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why do adjacent LAMELLA run in different directions?
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adj LAMELLA run in diff directions b/c it is optimal for withstanding torsion stresses & inhibiting crack propagation & fracture development
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what are the perforating canals?
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AKA volkmann's canals, they connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals
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what are volkmann's canals?
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AKA perforating canals, they connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals
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what are CANALICULI?
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spaces that connect neighboring lacunae to capillaries for nutrient supply, within them are OSTEOCYTES (spider shaped)
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what are OSTEOCYTES?
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mature bone cells, spider shaped, in lacunae and canaliculi
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what is INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE?
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groups of incomplete lamellae in btwn osteons; remains of old osteons cut through by bone remodeling
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what are CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE?
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extends around circumference of the diaphysis (the entire bone o___o)
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what is OSSIFICATION?
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AKA OSTEOGENESIS, it's bone formation
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what are the levels of cartilage organization from the epiphyseal to the diaphysis?
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resting zone
proliferation zone hypertrophic zone ossification zone |
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the proliferation zone is composed of
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chondroblasts
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bone lengthens entirely due to the _ plate.
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epiphyseal plate, but it itself does NOT thicken!!
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what is APPOSITIONAL GROWTH?
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growth of bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface
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GROWTH HORMONE is produced by the _ & stimulates the _.
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GH produced by the pituitary gland
stimulates the epiphyseal plate |
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why is THYROID HORMONE important to bones?
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thyroid hormones are important b/c it ensures the skeleton keeps the correct proportions
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do STEROID HORMONES promote/inhibit growth?
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PROMOTE growth...duh.
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how often is cancellous (spongy bone) replaced?
a. 3-4 years b. 9-10 years c. 20-30 years d. never |
cancellous (spongy) bone is replaced every 3-4 years
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how often is compact bone replaced?
a. every 5 years b. every 10 years c. every 20 years d. never |
compact bone is replaced every 10 years
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diff btwn a SIMPLE FRACTURE & a COMPOUND FRACTURE
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COMPOUND breaks the skin
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CLOSED REDUCTION vs. OPEN REDUCTION
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both treat bone fractures. closed is to set by hand, open is via surgery with wires and pins
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Describe each phase of healing:
HEMATOMA FORMATION FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS FORMATION BONY CALLUS FORMATION BONE REMODELLING |
hematoma formation: blood vessels break in periosteum & inside the bone
fibrocartilate callus form: in days, new blood vessels grow into the clot filling it with fibrous granulation tissue called soft fibrocartilage callus bony callus form: in a week, trabeculae bone begins to form in bony callus bone remodeling; in months, bone callus is remodeled |
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what is a comminuted fracture?
a. bones broken inward b. 3 or more bone fragments c. bone crushed d. fracture across the epiphyseal plate |
comminuted is fracture of 3 or more pieces
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what is a SPIRAL fracture?
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spiral fracture is caused by twisting force
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what is an EPIPHYSEAL fracture?
a. bones broken inward b. 3 or more bone fragments c. bone crushed d. fracture across the epiphyseal plate |
epiphyseal fracture is one along the epiphyseal plate
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what is a DEPRESSION fracture?
a. bones broken inward b. 3 or more bone fragments c. bone crushed d. fracture across the epiphyseal plate |
a depressed fracture in an inward one
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what is OSTEOPOROSIS?
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low bone mass, bone resorption > bone deposition, occurs often in women after menopause
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what is OSTEOMALACIA
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"soft bone", bone lacks mineralization
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what is RICKETS
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occurs in children, lack of vitamin D, bowed legs and cranial bone deformities
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