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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
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Calcium
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Found in bone marrow, what cells specialize in storing energy as fat?
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Adipocytes (Adipose Cells)
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What is the substance that makes marrow yellow?
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Fat (adipose)
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Name the 2 types of tissue necessary to make up the skeletal system.
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Cartilage and Bone
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Tissues with high concentration of collagen are what color?
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White
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What is the technical term for cartilage cells?
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Chondrocytes
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Name the 3 types of cartilage
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Elastic, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage
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Name a type of cartilage that is also known as "yellow cartilage"
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Elastic
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To keep tubes open, this type of cartilage must be present
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Elastic
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What is the most abundant cartilage in the human body?
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Hyaline
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What type of cartilage mostly forms the fetal skeleton?
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Hyaline
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What is another name for white cartilage?
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Fibrocartilage
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What is the type of connective tissue that has an abundance of inorganic calcium salts?
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Bone
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What is the most abundant organic substance in bone?
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Collagen
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What substance makes teeth and bone rigid?
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Hydroxyapatite
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What is the name of the rounded end of bone?
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Epiphyses
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Covering the surface of the diaphysis, name the thin layer of connective tissue
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Periosteum
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The periosteum is attached to underlying bone by?
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Sharpey's Fibres
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Most limb bones are what type of bone?
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Long bones
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The knee cap is a classic example of what type of bone?
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Sesamoid
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What bony landmark has a tube-like opening?
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Meatus
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Most abundant mineral SALT in the bone?
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Calcium Phosphate
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Name the fibre that allows flexibility of a bone
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Collagen
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What bone cells are active during resorption(process of breaking down a bone)
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Osteoclasts
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Name the most abundant bone cells
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Osteocytes
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What are the functional units of compact bone
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Osteons (Haversian Systems)
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Vessels and nerves pass through bone via these
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Volkmann's Canals (aka, Perforating Canals)
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Compact Bone; between lamallae are lacunae, and within lacunae are
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Osteocytes
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What connect the lacunae?
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Canaliculi
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Specifically, what layers of compact bone are reabsorbed first?
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Circumferential Lamellae
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In intramembraneous ossification, what is the type of starting tissue?
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Mesenchymal
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During intramembraneous ossification, the trabecular bone is first laid down as needle-like structures called
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Spicules
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When bone grows in width, it is called this
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Appositional growth
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What is the substance in blood that causes chondrocytes to swell and die?
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Oxygen
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What method of bone growth forms flat bones?
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Intramembraneous Ossification
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What surface does endochondral addition of bone occur on?
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Diaphyseal Surface
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Name the zone of the growth plate that is closest to the epiphysis
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zone of reserve cartilage
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Around what age do the bones stop growing?
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20(18-25)
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What hormone closes the growth plate?
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Estrogen
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What process renews osseous tissue before deterioration sets in?
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Bone remodelling
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Renewal rate for spongy bone is how many times greater than that of compact bone tissue?
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5 times; 20%spongy,4%compact
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At which articulation do nearly half of all growth plate fractures occur?
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The wrist
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Another name for bone spurs?
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Osteophytes
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A bone spur on the DIP joint of a finger is called?
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Heberden's node
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What is the name of the adult form of Rickets?
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Osteomalacia
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What percentage of bone is present in our total body mass?
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approx. 20
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What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis?
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C
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What vitamin stimulates osteoblasts?
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A
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What bone cells are overactive during puberty?
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Osteoblasts
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Calcitonin causes blood calcium levels to?
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decrease
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Which bone cell does the parathyroid hormone work on?
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Osteoblast
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What type of bone growth is used to repair a bone fracture?
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Endochondral ossification
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What is the final stage of bone healing?
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Remodelling
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What is a bone fracture that breaks the skin called?
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open or compound
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What term refers to reducing the distance between fractured bone pieces?
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Reduction
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What is the grinding/grating sound/sensation that comes from a joint or bone called?
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crepitus
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Undersecretion of hGH cause what pathology?
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dwarfism
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What is the most commonly fractured bone in the human body?
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clavicle
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What are open fractures at huge risk of?
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infection (osteomyelitis)
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What are the 3 functional classes of joints?
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Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
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What are the 2 types of synarthrosis?
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Synchondroses & Synostoses
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What are the joints called where 2 bones are connected by a piece of cartilage?
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Synchondroses
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What type of joint involves bones united by an interosseous ligament?
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Syndesmosis
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What type of joint allows for a wide variety of movement?
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diarthroses (synovial)
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What are found between bones of the skull?
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Sutures
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What is the joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible?
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Gomphoses
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What thick, stringy fluid is found in the cavities of synovial joints?
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synovial fluid
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In synovial cavities, this is their "blood".
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synovial fluid
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Located at the point where a muscle or tendon slides across bone, what is the small fluid-filled sac called?
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Bursae
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These are describe as tube-like bursae
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Tendon Sheaths
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The surgical replacement of a joint is called?
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arthroplasty
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The twisting of a joint that stretches or tears ligaments is classified as a?
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sprain
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What type of joint allows side-to-side movement only?
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plane (or gliding) joint
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cartilage has no blood supply going to it, therefore it is?
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avascular
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What tissue is always place on the interor of a bone?
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calcaneous
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What is the largest and most complex joint of the body?
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tibiofemoral joint (or knee joint)
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What joint is a modified hinge joint made of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity?
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tibiofemoral joint (or knee joint)
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What is the longest and strongest bone in the human body?
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femur (or thighbone)
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What are 4 types of bone cells?
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osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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What in compact bone tissue aligns itswelf along lines of stress?
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osteons
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Where is the nutrient foramen located?
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near the center of the diaphysis
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What is another name for bone formation?
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Osteogenisis
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What 2 types of growth does endochondral ossification promote?
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interstitial & appositional growth
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What is the first zone of resting cartilage at the epiphyseal plate called?
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zone of reserve
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What zone do chondrocytes die in at the epiphyseal plate?
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zone of calcified cartilage
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What is the shaft/body of the bone called?
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diaphyseal
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At any given time, what percent of total bone mass is being remodeled in our body?
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5%
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In bone remodeling, which 2 activities must always be balanced?
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osteoclastic & osteoblastic
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What is the 2nd stage of endochondral ossification?
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hypertrophy of chondrocytes
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Osteophytes of the fingers/toes are known as what if on the PIP joints?
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Bouchard's nodes
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Osteomalacia in adults is due to?
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vitamin d defficiency
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What vitamins are needed for protein synthesis?
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vitamin K and b12
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What is important in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism?
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Insulin
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What acts to slow reabsorption of bone by promoting apoptosis in osteoclasts?
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estrogen
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PTH first step is
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decrease of bone
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PTH second step is
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increase of calcium in the blood
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Calcitonin first step is
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descrese blood calcium
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Calcitonin second step is
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increase of bone calcium
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What is a complete severing of a bone defined as?
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Broken
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What is a crack or a break in a bone defined as?
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Fracture
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Cartilagenous joints lack?
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synovial cavity
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Another name for sutures?
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fontanels
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What allows 2 bones of different shapes to fit tightly together?
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Menisci (or articular discs)
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Shoulders and hips are examples of what types of joint?
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ball and socket joints
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What type of joint promotes turning a head side-to-site/"no"?
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Pivot joint
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What is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction?
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Circumduction
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What attach the humerus to the scapula, encircle the joint supporting the capsule, hold the head of the humerus in socket and strengthen the joints?
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rotator cuff muscles
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What bone is part of joint capsule anteriorly?
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patella
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In range of motion in a synovial joint, the weaker the joint, the most _______.
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movable
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What pathology is a degenerative joint disease and defined as wear and tear?
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Osteoarthritis
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