Bone And Cartilage

Front 1

What distinguishes bone from other connective tissues

Back 1

contains a mineralized matrix: Hydroxyapetite crystals (ca and phosphate)

Front 2

What tyes of cells are found in bone: and function

Back 2

Osteoprogenitor: stem cells

Osteoblasts: synthesize organic components of bone (type I col, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

Osteoclasts: reabsorb bone

Osteocytes: mature cells

Front 3

What are caniculi and what function do they serve

Back 3

tunnels that connect adj lacunae. Allow exchange of metablites b/w cells which could not diffuse through calcified matrix:
Exchange is dependent on caniculi

Front 4

1. What lines the outer surface of bones, and cavities.
2. What type of tissue is this

Back 4

periosteum (2layers)
Endosteum (1layer)

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 5

What are two major biological funx of bone

Back 5

hematopoeisis and Calcium homeostacis

Front 6

Where are osteoproginitor cells located

Back 6

innermost periosteal layer
endosteal lining of haversions and volkmann's canals.
During remodeling on bone surface

Front 7

Where are osteoproginatir cells derived?

2. What can they become if stimulated

Back 7

mesenchymal cells

2. osteoblast adn possibley osteoclasts

Front 8

1. Do osteoblast play a role in calcification?

2. How does the osteoblast change in relation to activity

Back 8

1. yes

2. Active: cuboidal to columnar, basophilic cytoplasm and high ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY. Extensive rER, prominent Golgi and polarizatio toward bone.
Less active: flatten cells

Front 9

Where would you find alkaline phosphatase

Back 9

in active osteoblasts and matrix vessicles, chondrocytes in zone of hypertophy

Front 10

What is the osteoid?

What is it rich in

Back 10

newly synthesized, not yet calcified matrix near the osteoblasts. organic component

2. GAGs

Front 11

What are osteocytes?

Whats special about their cell processes?

How are organelles compared to Osteoblasts?

What is major function

Back 11

1. Osteoblast surrounded w/in matrix.

2. contact via gap junx

3. reduced (golgi, rER)

4. Maintain bone matrix

Front 12

1. What are osteoclasts?

2. Where are they located?

3. Where are they derived?

4. What is the role of ruffled border, and what about osteoclast in osteoporoses

Back 12

1. large MULTINUCLEATED cells
2. resorption pits (howships)
3. Monocytes
4. + resorption area & allows action of enxymes
5. Lack ruffled border

Front 13

What is the enzyme used by osteoclasts to breakdown (reabsorb) bone.

2. What affect does Calcitonin have, PTH

Back 13

1. acid phosphatase, collagenase, proteolytic enz

2. Inhibits resorption by inducing cytoplasmic quiescence and the dissapearence of ruffled border.
3. PTH stimulates resorption by acting indirectly on osteoclasts.

Front 14

What are the 2 effects of PTH

Back 14

Stimulates resorption (indirectly)

2. decrease production of alkaline phophatase in osteoblast (stop building)

Front 15

1. What are the 2 major components of bone matrix.
2. Majority of matrix (75%) is what?
3. What are the most abundant minerals in bone and what doe they form

Back 15

1. inorganic salts, organic matrix
2. Inorganic salt
3. Ca and P = hydroxyapetite crystals

Front 16

What is the organic matrix of bone

Back 16

95% type I collagen, GS = GAGs, glycoproteins (bind Ca, and promote calcification)

Front 17

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

Which layer are fibrocytes found in

Back 17

fibrous (outer), Cellular (inner). Cell = ostegenic layer.

2. fibrocytes = outer layer

Front 18

How many laers: periosteum, endosteum.

Why is preservation of endosteum important during surgery

Back 18

1. 2, 1

2. because all major bone activity occurs on bone surface.

Front 19

Compare and contrast bone growth and cartilage growth

Back 19

bone = only appostiional

cart = app or intersitially

Front 20

1. Type of bone tissue, dense w/out cavities.

2. Bone tissue w/ interconnecting cavities

Back 20

1. Compact (cortical) bone
2. Spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 21

Where is spongy bone found?

Where is compact bone found?

What is red/yellow bone marrow

Back 21

1. Epiphysis
2. diaphysis
3. Red = blood forming
4. Yellow = fat cells (ENG)

Front 22

what is the differnce in collagen arrangement in Primary (immature) bone and Secondary (mature) bone

What about adult bone?

Back 22

Imm = collagen bundles random
Mature= organized into bone lamellae

Adult = lamellated

Front 23

1. What type of bone tissue is first to appear, what replaces it

Back 23

1. immature
2. mature

Front 24

What are the characteristics of Immature bone

Back 24

1. irregular array of collagen
2. Reduced mineral content
3. more Osteocytes

Front 25

How do the haversion canals communicate w/ the marrow cavity, periosteum and each other

Back 25

1. By Volkmann's canals (pass through lamellae.

Front 26

What happens to haversion canals during growth

Back 26

1. Continuously destroyed and rebuilt

Front 27

Would spicules or trabecule of bone contain Haversions canals

Back 27

No, they receive nutrition by diffusion, so don't need HCs

Front 28

1. Histiogenisis of bone:

2. What tissue appears first in both proceses

Back 28

1. INtramebranous, ENdochondral ossfication

2. Primary bone tissue (temporary)

Front 29

Where does intramembranous ossification take place?

What is the starting point?

What bones are involved in Intra

Back 29

1. w/in well vascularized c.t (mesenchymal tissue)

2. Primary ossificatio center

3. Flat (occipital F,P; temoral, mandible, maxillae)

Front 30

1. Type of bone tissue, dense w/out cavities.

2. Bone tissue w/ interconnecting cavities

Back 30

1. Compact (cortical) bone
2. Spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 31

Where is spongy bone found?

Where is compact bone found?

What is red/yellow bone marrow

Back 31

1. Epiphysis
2. diaphysis
3. Red = blood forming
4. Yellow = fat cells (ENG)

Front 32

what is the differnce in collagen arrangement in Primary (immature) bone and Secondary (mature) bone

What about adult bone?

Back 32

Imm = collagen bundles random
Mature= organized into bone lamellae

Adult = lamellated

Front 33

1. What type of bone tissue is first to appear, what replaces it

Back 33

1. immature
2. mature

Front 34

What are the characteristics of Immature bone

Back 34

1. irregular array of collagen
2. Reduced mineral content
3. more Osteocytes

Front 35

How do the haversion canals communicate w/ the marrow cavity, periosteum and each other

Back 35

1. By Volkmann's canals (pass through lamellae.

Front 36

What happens to haversion canals during growth

Back 36

1. Continuously destroyed and rebuilt

Front 37

Would spicules or trabecule of bone contain Haversions canals

Back 37

No, they receive nutrition by diffusion, so don't need HCs

Front 38

1. Histiogenisis of bone:

2. What tissue appears first in both proceses

Back 38

1. INtramebranous, ENdochondral ossfication

2. Primary bone tissue (temporary)

Front 39

Where does intramembranous ossification take place?

What is the starting point?

What bones are involved in Intra

Back 39

1. w/in well vascularized c.t (mesenchymal tissue)

2. Primary ossificatio center

3. Flat (occipital F,P; temoral, mandible, maxillae)

Front 40

at the primary ossification center (starting point Intram) what happens w/ cells

Back 40

Groups of cells differentiate into OSTEOBLASTS, the osteoblasts become ENCAPSULATED, FORMING OSTEOCYTES

Front 41

What happens to the c.t that does not undergo ossification (Intamem)

Back 41

1. They become endosteum, periosteum

Front 42

1. Where does Endochondral ossification take place?
2. What bones are involved

Back 42

1. W/i hyaline cartilage
2. short and long bones

Front 43

what are the 2 stages of endochondral ossification

Back 43

1. Formation of calcified cart (hypertophy of Chondrocytes, and deposition of Ca in matrix
2. capillaries grow into perichondrium, Progeinator cells become osteoblasts that start to lay down BONE COLLAR.

Front 44

1. What is the periosteal or osteogenic bud?

2. What will the bud develop, where

Back 44

1. Site where periosteal vessels and progenator cells grow in.

2. Primary ossification center, (diaphysis)

Front 45

In H&E sections calcified cartilage is ______, In contrast to _______ of bone tissue

Back 45

1. blue
2. reddish pink

Front 46

4 stages of endochondral formation

Back 46

1. hypertrophy
2. Mineralization
3. Chondrocyte death
4. Osteoid on Cartilage

Front 47

1. Where are primary ossificatio centers located?

2. Where are secondary oss loacated
3. Secondary centers are formed
4. How does secondary growth differ from primary

Back 47

1. diaphysis
2. epiphysis
3. Postnatally
4. 2 = radial, 1 = longitudinal

Front 48

1. What are the 5 zones of epiphyseal cartilage

Back 48

1. Reserve cartilage
2. proliferative
3. hypertrophy
4. calcified cart
5. provisional ossification and resorption

Front 49

state the components and funx
1. Zone of reserve

Back 49

1.moderate-sized chondrocytes, anchors Epi plate to bone of epiphysis
2. young chondrocytes dividing rapidly, replaces dead chondrocytes
3. Large chondrocytes (swollen by glycogen) help expand epi plate and leads to formatio of next zone via alkaline phophatase.
4. Hyalin matrix calcified
5. prmary trabeculae appear