Bomding Structure And Properties Of Matter

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3 states of matter

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solid

liquid

gas

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in solids the particles

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-have a regular arrangement

-are very close together

-vibrate about fixed positions

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in liquids the particles

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-have random arrangements

-are close together

-flow around each other

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in gases the particles

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-have a random arrangement

-are much further apart

-move very quickly in all directions

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limitations of the particle model

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doesn’t show

-forces between particles

-the volume of the particles

-the space between the particles

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when a substance changes state

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the particles themselves stay the same

the way the particles are arranged changes

the way the particles move changes

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a pure substance will

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-melt and freeze at one specific temp (melting point)

-boil and condense at one specific temp (boiling point)

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the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state depends on

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the amount of energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles

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the stronger the forces of attraction

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the greater the energy needed to overcome them

the higher the melting and boiling points

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substances that have high melting points due to

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strong bonds

include:

ionic compounds

metals

giant covalent structures

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in substances that contain simple molecules

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the bonds between molecules are strong covalent bonds

forces of attraction are much weaker

only a little energy is needed to overcome forces so low melting and boiling points

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types of strong chemical bonds

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ionic bonds

covalent bonds

metallic bonds

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types of strong chemical bonds

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ionic bonds

covalent bonds

metallic bonds

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atoms that have lost electrons are called

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ions

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ionic bonds occur between

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positive and negative ions

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ions are formed when

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atoms gain or lose electrons giving them an overall charge

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ions have

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complete outer shells

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ions have

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complete outer shells

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to form ionic bonds, metal atoms

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lose electrons to become positively charged

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ions have

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complete outer shells

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to form ionic bonds, metal atoms

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lose electrons to become positively charged

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to form an ionic bond, non-metal atoms

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gain electrons to become negatively charged

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the ionic bond is a

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strong electrostatic force of attraction

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ionic compounds properties:

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have high melting and boiling points

do not conduct electricity when solid because ions can’t move

conduct electricity when molten or in solution as charged ions are free to move

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metallic bonding occurs in

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metallic elements

alloys

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals can conduct electricity because

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they have delocalised electrons

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals can conduct electricity because

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they have delocalised electrons

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particles in pure metals

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have a regular shape so the layers are able to slide over each other quite easily meaning they can be bent or shaped

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals can conduct electricity because

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they have delocalised electrons

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particles in pure metals

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have a regular shape so the layers are able to slide over each other quite easily meaning they can be bent or shaped

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copper is used to make water pipes because

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it’s unreactive so doesnt react with water

it can be easily shaped

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals can conduct electricity because

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they have delocalised electrons

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particles in pure metals

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have a regular shape so the layers are able to slide over each other quite easily meaning they can be bent or shaped

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copper is used to make water pipes because

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it’s unreactive so doesnt react with water

it can be easily shaped

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alloys are

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mixtures that contain a metal and at least one other element

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metals have a giant structure in which

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electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

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metal structure

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regular arrangement/ lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction to the delocalised electrons

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a metallic bond is

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the attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons

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most metals have

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high melting and boiling points

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metals can conduct electricity because

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they have delocalised electrons

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particles in pure metals

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have a regular shape so the layers are able to slide over each other quite easily meaning they can be bent or shaped

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copper is used to make water pipes because

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it’s unreactive so doesnt react with water

it can be easily shaped

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alloys are

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mixtures that contain a metal and at least one other element

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in alloys, the added

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element disturbs the regular arrangement of the metal atoms so the layers don’t slide over each other making them stronger and harder

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steel is an

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alloy made from iron

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steel is an

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alloy made from iron

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iron oxide can be

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reduced in a blast furnace to produce iron

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steel is an

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alloy made from iron

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iron oxide can be

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reduced in a blast furnace to produce iron

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steel is made by

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mixing iron with small quantities of carbon

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in steel, the amount of carbon or other elements determines its

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properties

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steel with high carbon content

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hard and strong

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steel with high carbon content

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hard and strong

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steel with low carbon content

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soft and easily shaped

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steel with high carbon content

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hard and strong

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steel with low carbon content

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soft and easily shaped

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stainless steel contains

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chromium and nickel and it hard and resistant to corrosion

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steel with high carbon content

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hard and strong

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steel with low carbon content

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soft and easily shaped

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stainless steel contains

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chromium and nickel and it hard and resistant to corrosion

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24 carat gold is

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100% gold

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steel with high carbon content

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hard and strong

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steel with low carbon content

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soft and easily shaped

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stainless steel contains

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chromium and nickel and it hard and resistant to corrosion

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24 carat gold is

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100% gold

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percentage of gold =

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carats/24 x 100

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aluminium alloys

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low density high strength

used in aeroplanes

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bronze is an alloy of

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copper and tin

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brass is an alloy of

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copper and zinc

hard-wearing and resistant to corrosion

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covalent bond is

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a shared pair of electrons between atoms

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covalent bond is

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a shared pair of electrons between atoms

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covalent bonds occur in

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non metallic elements

compounds of non metals

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covalent bond is

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a shared pair of electrons between atoms

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covalent bonds occur in

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non metallic elements

compounds of non metals

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simple molecules contain

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a relatively small number of non-metal atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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covalent bond is

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a shared pair of electrons between atoms

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covalent bonds occur in

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non metallic elements

compounds of non metals

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simple molecules contain

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a relatively small number of non-metal atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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molecules have

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no overall electrical charge so they cannot conduct electricity

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covalent bond is

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a shared pair of electrons between atoms

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covalent bonds occur in

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non metallic elements

compounds of non metals

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simple molecules contain

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a relatively small number of non-metal atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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molecules have

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no overall electrical charge so they cannot conduct electricity

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simple molecular substances have

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low melting and boiling points

because they have weak forces of attraction

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simple molecules have

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weak intermolecular forces

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simple molecules have

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weak intermolecular forces

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the larger the molecules

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the stronger the intermolecular forces

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larger molecules have

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higher melting and boiling points

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going down group 7 the molecules

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get larger and their melting points increase

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all the atoms in giant covalent structures are linked by

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strong covalent bonds

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all the atoms in giant covalent structures are linked by

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strong covalent bonds

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giant covalent structures are

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solids with high melting and boiling points

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diamond is a form of

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carbon

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diamond structure

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giant rigid covalent structure (lattice)

each carbon atom forms 4 strong covalent bonds with rev higher

so it’s very hard with a high melting point

no charged particles so it doesn’t conduct electricity

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diamond structure

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giant rigid covalent structure (lattice)

each carbon atom forms 4 strong covalent bonds with rev higher

so it’s very hard with a high melting point

no charged particles so it doesn’t conduct electricity

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graphite is a form of

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carbon

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graphite has a

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giant covalent structure with high melting point

carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with each other

layered hexagonal structure

layers held together by weak intermolecular forces so they can slide past each other making it soft and slippery

one electron is delocalised so it conducts

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graphite has a

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giant covalent structure with high melting point

carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with each other

layered hexagonal structure

layers held together by weak intermolecular forces so they can slide past each other making it soft and slippery

one electron is delocalised so it conducts

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silicon dioxide or silica has

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a lattice structure similar to diamond

each oxygen atom is joined to two silicon atoms

each silicon atom is joined to four oxygen atoms

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graphite has a

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giant covalent structure with high melting point

carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with each other

layered hexagonal structure

layers held together by weak intermolecular forces so they can slide past each other making it soft and slippery

one electron is delocalised so it conducts

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silicon dioxide or silica has

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a lattice structure similar to diamond

each oxygen atom is joined to two silicon atoms

each silicon atom is joined to four oxygen atoms

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graphene is a

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form of carbon

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graphene structure

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single layer of graphite

atoms arranged in hexagonal structure

one atom thick

good conductor

nearly transparent

graphene is useful in electronics and composite materials

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carbon can also form molecules called

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fullerenes which contain different numbers of carbon atoms

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structure of fullerenes

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hexagonal tings of carbon atoms

sometimes rings contain 5 or 7 atoms

hollow shapes including tubes bales and cages

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structure of fullerenes

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hexagonal tings of carbon atoms

sometimes rings contain 5 or 7 atoms

hollow shapes including tubes bales and cages

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buckminsterfullerene

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60 carbon atoms

joined in a series of pentagons and hexagons

most symmetrical therefore stable

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structure of fullerenes

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hexagonal tings of carbon atoms

sometimes rings contain 5 or 7 atoms

hollow shapes including tubes bales and cages

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buckminsterfullerene

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60 carbon atoms

joined in a series of pentagons and hexagons

most symmetrical therefore stable

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carbon nanotubes

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cylindrical fullerenes with high length to diameter ratios

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nanotubes can be used in

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nanotechnology

electronics

materials

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nanotubes can be used in

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nanotechnology

electronics

materials

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fullerenes can be used

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to deliver drugs

in lubricants

as catalysts

reinforcing materials

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atoms within polymer molecules are held together by

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strong covalent bonds

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intermolecular forces between large polymer molecules are

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strong

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coarse particles diameter

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between 1.5x10^-5 to 2.5x10^-6

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fine particles diameter

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1x10^-7 to 2.5x10^-7

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nanoparticles diameter

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1x10^-9 to 1x10^-7

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small particles have a

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large surface area to volume ratio

(important for catalysts as large sa improves effectiveness)

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nanoparticles contain

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only a few hundred atoms

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nanoparticles contain

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only a few hundred atoms

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nanoparticles combine to form

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nanostructures

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nanoparticles are mor me sensitive to

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light heat and magnetism than the same materials in bulk

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nanoparticles are mor me sensitive to

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light heat and magnetism than the same materials in bulk

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nanoparticles are used in

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suncream as they provide better skin coverage

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concerns abt nanoparticles

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they are so small they could enter and damage cells

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concerns abt nanoparticles

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they are so small they could enter and damage cells

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research in nanoparticles is leading to development of

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new drug delivery systems

computers and tech

catalysts for fuel cells

stronger and lighter construction materials

cosmetic and deodorants

fabrics that prevent the growth of bacteria