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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones in the human skeleton?
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206
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Skeletal System: Function
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to for a protective and supportive framework for the body, to produce movement with muscular system by providing a series of movable levers
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What types of cells are produced in the bone marrow?
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Red and white blood cells
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bones store:
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minerials (calcium)
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what are ligaments
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tough bands of white fiborus tissue that bind bones together
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Why are joints important?
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they permit bones to move without damaging them
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What is cartiladge
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scattered network of connective tissue, they dont have blood vessles
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Immovable joints:
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allow no movement, ex: the skull
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Slightly movable joints:
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small restricted movement, ex: joints between lower legs and adjacent vertebre
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Freely movable joints:
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allow movement ex:knee, hand elbow, hip
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What is ossification
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process of bone formation when cartiladge is replaced by bone
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What is the primary function of the muscular system
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to work with skeletal system to produce volentary movement
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How does a muscle work
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a muscle contracts when thin filaments in the muscle fibers slide over the thick filamments
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What systems are involved in muscle contration
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nervous
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Muscles are made up of:
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Protein
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What are tendons:
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tough connective tissue that joins the skeletal muscles to the bones, acts as a lever
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Smooth Muscle Function:
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move food/blood, contract pupils, involentary movement found in stomach, blood vessles, and intestines
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Smooth Muscle Description:
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spindle shaped, one nucleus
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Skeletal Muscle Function:
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voulentary movement
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Skeletal Muscle Description:
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many nuclei, striations
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Cardiac Muscle Function:
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used to pump blood in heart, involentary
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Cardiac Muscle Description:
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striations, 1 nucleus
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Lymphatic System:
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network of vessels, nodes, and organs
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Function of Lymphatic System:
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collect fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system
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What is Lymph?
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milky body fluid that contains a type of white blood cell with protein and fat
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What do lymph nodes filter out of our bodies
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antigens/bacteria
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Why do the lymph nodes get swollen:
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when they remove an excess of antigens from the body
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How is the lymphatic system connected to the digestive system
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gets fats out of food and carries them to blood
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how does the thymus in the lymphatic system assist the immune system?
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t-cells (lymphocytes) mature here
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What is the function of the spleen
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cleanses blood and damaged blood cells out of circulatory system, has phagocytes that engulf microorganisms
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What are some appendages of the skin
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hair, sebacious glands, sweat glands, nails
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What is the largest organ in the body?
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skin
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Epidermis:
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prevents water loss, protects from UV light/baccteria/chemicals/an abrasion, it is dead cells and is waterproof
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Dermis
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contains sweat and oil glands, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessles
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Sweat gland:
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prevents over-heating of body and regulates body temperature by excreting sweat, mixture of salts, antibodies, and metabolic products
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Hair:
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protects scalp from injury/sun/decreases heat loss
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Sebaceous Glands:
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secretes oil, prevents excessive evaporation of water from skin, inhibits growth of certain bacteria
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What is the main function of the nervous system?
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collect information about internal/external conditions and coordinates the body's responce
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Cerebrum
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responsible for voulkentary activities of the body, site of intelligence/learning/judgement
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Cerebellum
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coordinates muscles to move smoothly
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Brain Stem:
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controlls basic functions of life such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swollowing
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What is the main function of the excretory system
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maintain homwostasis/elimitate metabolic wastes/cool skin/ excrete sweat/maintain blood pH/regulate amt. of water in body
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Besides urine, what else is excreted:
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Sweat, CO2
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Urine path:
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kidneys to ureter to urinairy bladder to urethra
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Kidneys:
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removes urea/excess water/filters the blood, maintains blood pH, regulate water content
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Ureters
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tube from the kidneys to bladder that carries urine
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bladder
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urine is stored before being excreted/ is a sac
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urethra
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tube from bladder that leads out of the body carring urine
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Skin/Lungs
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skin-water/salt
lungs- CO2 |
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Why do drugs show up in urine tests
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they are filtered out of the blood by kidneys and are put into urine
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What male reproductive organ produces sperm?
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the testicles
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name the male hormone produced and its function
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testosterone- stimulates the development of sperm, secondary sex characteristics
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What is produced in the ovary
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an egg (ovum)
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Main Female hormone=
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estrogen- development of secondary sex characteristics and egg development
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Ovary
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produces eggs/estrogen
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Fallopian Tube
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canal that the egg goes through from ovaries to uterus
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Uterus
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place zygote development / nourishes zygote
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Vagina
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canal leading from Uterus to outside the body
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scrotum
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sac that holds the testes/regulates their temperature
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Vas deferens
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canal that merges with urethra to carry sperm
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Seminiferous tubules
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place where sperm are produced
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testes
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place where sperm and testosterone are made
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Main function of the endocrine system:
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release products into the bloodstream that deliver messages throughout the body, control growth, development
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what do hormones do
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chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body
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Why is the hypothalymus the
"master" gland |
it controls the secretions of the pituitairy.
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How do the hypothalamus and pituitary interrelate?
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they coordinate many body activities to gether; pituitairy is controled by the pituitairy
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which gland controls your metabolism
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thyroid
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What is "fight-or-flight"
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adrenal medulla gland, response for getting scared or excited, produce ephiniephrine
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What is the pancreas
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an organ that controls blood sugar levels
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What diseases affect the pancreas
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Diabetes Mellitus, when it can not produce insulin
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What happens when thyroxine amt. in blood increases?
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cellular activity in the body increases and metablolic activity increases (TRH and TSH are released less)
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Which hormone directly stimulates target cells in the body?
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thyroxine
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How does the feedback loop help maintain homeostasis
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substance produced that inhibits the process that produced substance in the first place
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Hypothalymus:
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nervous and endocrine gland interract, makes hormones that control the pituitairy, stores hormones
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Pituitary:
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produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands
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adrenal
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help the body respond to stress by producing epinephrine and norepinephrine
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thyroid
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produces thyroxine to regulate metabolism throught the body
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pancreas
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produces insulin and glucagun, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood
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what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
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exocrine secrete hormones through ducts directly, but endocrine glands secrete hormones to the blood
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what is cretinism and how is it prevented
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skeletal/nervous systems dont develop properly, dosage of small amounts of iodine
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what is the main function of the circulatory system
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to bring oxygen/nutrients/hormones/wastes/others to destination
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what is carried in the circulatory system
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oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes. blood
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where does gas exchange take place
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capalaries
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how is oxygen exchanged in the capilaries
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diffusion
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what gas does an artery carry
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oxygen
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what is the relationship of arteries to the heart
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they carry oxygen rich blood out of the heart
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what does a vein carry
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CO2
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what does a vein do related to a heart
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brings oxygen poor blood to it
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what connect the arteries and veins
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capilaries
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heart
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pumps blood through circulatory system
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veins
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carry oxygen poor blood to the heart
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arteries
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bring oxygen rich blood from the heart
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ccapilaries
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exchange nutrients and wastes between the arteries and veins
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pericardium
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protective sac that covers the heart
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atria
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upper chamber of heart that recieves blood
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ventricle
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lower chamber of heart that pumps oxygen rich blood out
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septum
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wall in heart to prevent oxygen rich/poor blood from mixing
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anterior/superior vena cava
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vein that brings oxygen poor blood to the right atrium from the upper body
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posterior/inferior vena cava
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vein that brings oxygen poor blood from lower part of body to right atrium
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what is the difference between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
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pulmonary pumps blood to the lungs while the system is pumps blood to the rest of the body
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how much blood does the human body have
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4-6 liters
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what is the largest vessel in the body
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aorta
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what is the function of the repiratory system
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to bring about the exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the blood, the air, and the tissues
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which part of the respiratory system does gas exchange take place
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alveoli
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explain gas exchange
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oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface of alveoli and then diffuses across thin walled capilaries into the blood
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how is breathing controled
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the mendulla oblengata forces you to breathe
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whats the difference between cellular respiration and respiration
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cellular respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of nutrients but respiration is process of gas exchange
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lungs
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to allow oxygen to be absorbed into the blood
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trachea
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windpipe that brings air to lungs
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bronchi/bronchioles
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brings air to alveoli
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alveoli
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place where gas exchange occur
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diaphram
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flat muscle that pushes up/down to pull/push air in/out of lungs
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epigilottis
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flap of tissue that prevents flood from flowing into lungs
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larynx
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contains vocal cords that allow us to speak
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pharynx
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passageway for air and food
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what is the main function of the digestive system
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help convert food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body
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describe the difference between chemical and mechanichal digestion
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chemical involves the use of chemicals/enzymes/acids, but mechanical is the phisical breakdown of food
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where does chemical digestion occur
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small intestine/sotmach
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where does mechanical digestion occur
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mouth
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what is the siginificance of villi
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they increase surface area of the small intestine
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mouth
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tear and crush food mechanically
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esophagus
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tube that food passes through from mouth to stomach
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stomach
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continues to mechanically and chemically digest food by churning and mixing food
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small intestine
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absorbes the nutrients and chemically breaks down what is left over
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large intestine
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also called colon, removes water from undigested matter
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rectum
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tube waste passes through to exit the body
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anus
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eliminates solid waste
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liver (digestive)
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accesory organ that produces bile to break down food in the small intestine
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pancreas (digestive)
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produce hormones to regulate blood sugar, makes enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and makes a base to neutralize stomach acids
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salivairy glands
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accesory organ that secretes to moisten and make food easier to chew, begins chemical digestion/fights infection
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appendix
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vestigial
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bile
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fluids made oflipids used to break down fat in the small intestine
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where does the bile go after it leaves the gall bladder
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bile duct
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what are the three parts of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejonum, cleum
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what is peristalsis
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contractions in esophagus that forces food to the stomach
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what is chyme
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mixture of stomach acids and food
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what is a bolus
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chewed up food
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what is peristalsis
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contractions in esophagus that forces food to the stomach
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what is chyme
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mixture of stomach acids and food
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what is a bolus
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chewed up food
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