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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 functions of the nervous system?
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1) gather information
2) transmits information 3) processes information 4) sends info to effector organs |
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Integrative Function
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processes information to determine the body's best response
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Sensory Function
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gathers information from outside and inside the body
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What is a Neuron?
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Functional unit of the nervous system
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What are the 4 parts of a neuron?
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1) cell body
2) dendrites 3) axon 4) synapse |
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What is a dendrite?
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conduct impulses toward cell body
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What is an axon?
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carries electrical impulse away from cell body
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What is a synapse?
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contact point of axon of one neuron and dendrite of one neuron
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What is a myelin sheath?
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greatly increases the speed of an impulse
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What is a myelin sheath made of?
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formed by schwann cells, 80% lipid and 20% protein
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What are nodes of Ranvier?
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Small gaps between adjacent myelin cells
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What is action potential?
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Occurs when threshold is exceeded (-60 mV)
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What three parts of the brain are part of the nervous system?
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1) Cerebrum
2) Brain Stem 3) Cerebellum |
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What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
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1) frontal
2) parietal 3) occipital 4) temporal |
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What connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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Corpus collosum
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What are the 3 functions of the Cerebrum?
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1) contains higher brain function
2) voluntary muscular movement 3) processes sensory information |
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What are the 4 parts of the diencephalon?
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1) Optic tracts
2) Thalamus 3) Hypothalamus 4) Posterior pituitary |
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What is the thalamus?
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sensory and motor signals pass through
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What does the hypothalamus do (3 things)?
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1)maintains homeostasis
2)regulates heart rate and blood pressure 3)acts as a link between the nervous and endodrine systems |
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What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
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1) medula oblongata
2) pons 3) midbrain |
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What four centers are regulated by the medulla oblongata?
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1)cardiac center
2)vasomotor center 3)reflex centers 4)control center of vital visceral activity |
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What does the cardiac center do?
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Regulate heart rate
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What are the 2 functions of the vasomotor centers
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1)constrict and dialate blood vessels
2)regulate rythem and depth of breathing |
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What do the reflex centers control?
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Coughing, sneezing, etc.
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What are the 2 functions of the pons?
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1)help regulate rate and depth of breathing
2)act as relay station between various pats of the cerebral cortex |
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What is another name for the midbrain?
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Mesencephalon
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What 3 things are controlled by the midbrain?
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1)visual and auditory reflexes
2)pleasure 3)smooths out movement |
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What is the main purpose of the cerebellum?
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Vital for normal motor function (coordination of voluntary movements, posture and equilibrium)
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What does the spinal cord contain?
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neurons that carry signals to the CNS from sensory neurons, and axons of motor neurons and carry information to effector organs
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What does the spinal cord connect?
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brain and PNS
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HOw many nerve paire does the spinal cord contain?
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31
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What is the main function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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maintain internal organs
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What is Sympathetic division?
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releases norepinephrine and escites an effector organ (thoracolumbar)
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What is Parasympathetic division?
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releases acetylcholine and inhibits effector organs (cranial sacral)
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5 functions of the Endocrine system?
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1)help regulate metabolic processes
2)control rate of certain dhemical reactions 3)transport substances across membranes 4)help regulate water cycle and electrolyte balance 5)reproduction, development and growth |
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Main function of the endocrine system?
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maintain homeostasis in the body by adjostin gto different recieved signals
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What are hormones?
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molecule released to affect the action of another organ, with effects lasting from minutes to days
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What are the 2 types of hormones?
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1) steroids
2) amines, peptides, or protein |
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What are glands?
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where hormones are secreted from endocrine and non-endorine tissues
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What are the 4 endocrine tissues?
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1) anterior pituitary
2) thyroid 3) adrenals 4) pancreas |
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What are the 4 non-endocrine tissues?
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1) hypothalamus
2) posterior pituitary 3) heart 4) liver and kidneys |
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What is the main control center of hormone secretion?
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Hypothalamus
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What glands are stimulated by the CNS directly?
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adrenal glands
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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acts as nucleus of nervous function, homeostasis regluation, and controls activity of pituitary
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What are positive inputs?
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Sleep, exercise, stress, low BG
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What are negative inputs?
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hormones
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What hormones are released by the Anterior Pituitary (5)?
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1)Thyroid Stimlulating Hormone (TSH)
2)Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) -kidneys 3)Growth Hormone 4)LH & FSH -reproductive hormones 5)Prolactin |
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What is the anterior pituitary made of?
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Glandular tissue makeup
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What hormone does the posterior pituitary release?
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Anti-diuretic hormone
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What signals the release of Anti-diuretic hormone, and what does it to to fix it?
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sweating or dehydration
-increases H2O reabsorption -regulates body fluids |
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What hormone does the anterior pituitary control?
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Growth hormone
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What signals the release of growth hormone?
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exercise and low blood sugar
-muscle, adipose, liver |
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What does growth hormone do?
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stimulates protein synthesis and bone growth
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What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?
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T3 and Thyroxine
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What do T3 & Thyroxine do?
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regulate metabolism of CHO, lipids & directly control metabolic rate
-inc. enerty release from CHO -inc. rate of protein synthesis -inc. rate of fat breakdown |
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What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
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1) Adrenal Medulla (inside)
2) Adrenal Cortex (outside) |
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What does the Adrenal Medulla do?
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as part of SNS, secretes catecholamines, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What does the Adrenal Cortex do?
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Secretes steroid hormones, releases aldosterone, cortisol, sex steroids
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What hormone does the kidney release?
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Erythropoetin (EPO)
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What signals the release of Erythropoetin?
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altitude, anemia, and blood loss
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What does Erythropoetin do?
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sstimulates red blood cell growth in the bone marrow
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