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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell membrane
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the "skin" of the cell made of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins a double layered structure
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cytology
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jelly like substance filling the inside of the cell
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diffusion
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the movement of gases or other particles from an area of greater pressure or concentration to an area of lower pressure or consentration
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endoplasmic reticulum
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network of membrane, bound tubules that extend the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane
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mitochondria
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large organelles surrounded by double membrane
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nucleus
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most prominent organelle because it contains the genetic material or DNA of the cell, referred to as the control center
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organelles
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special subdivisions, similar to the human bodys organs which carry out many of the functions of cells
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ribosomes
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made of ribosomal RNA and protein. found on the surface of rough ER and floating freely within the cytoplasm.
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vacuoles
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a small cavity or space in the tissues of an organism containing air or fluid
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gene
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a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material
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osmosis
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movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane
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cytoplasm
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the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (as mitochondria or chloroplasts)
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organs
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a differentiated structure (as a heart or kidney) consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism
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cell
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a small usually microscopic mass of protoplasm bounded externally by a semipermeable membrane, usually including one or more nuclei and various nonliving products, capable alone or interacting with other cells of performing all the fundamental functions of life, and forming the smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently
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system
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a group of body organs or structures that together perform one or more vital functions. example circulatory system
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tissues
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an aggregate of cells usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a plant or an animal and that in animals include connective tissue, epithelium, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue
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organism
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an individual constituted to carry on the activities of life by means of organs separate in function but mutually dependent : a living being
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molecule
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the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms
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atom
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the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination
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anatomical position
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body is upright with the face front and arms at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet parallel
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hotizontal plane/transverse plane
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cuts the body horizontally creating a superior and inferior portion
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posterior/dorsal
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situated at or toward the hind part of the body. opposite the ventral
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anterior
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toward the front of hte body or the belly
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ventral/anterior
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toward the front of the body or belly
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prone
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having the front or ventral surface downward; especially : lying facedown
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supine
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lying on the back or with the face upward
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superior
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above or in a higher position
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inferior
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a point lower than or below a reference point
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caudad
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toward the tail or posterior end
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distal
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farther away from the origin of a structure
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proximal
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a point nearer the origin of a structure
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superficial
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a point that is pertaining to or situated near the surface of an object
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external
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situated near or toward the surface of the body
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internal
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situated near the inside of the body
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body cavity
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internal spaces in which various organs are located. example dorsal, ventral cranial cavity.
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abdominal quadrant
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LUQ, LLQ, RUQ, RLQ
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abdominal regions
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1. epigastric 2.3. left and right hypochondriac 4. umbilical 5.6. left and right lumbar 7. suprapubic and hypogastric 8.9.left and right inguinal or iliac
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lumbar
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abdominal region lying on either side of the umbilical region and above the corresponding iliac region
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umbilicus
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a depression in the middle of the abdomen that marks the point of former attachment of the umbilical cord to the embryo
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inguinal
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of, relating to, or situated in the region of the groin
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microscopic
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so small or fine as to be invisible or indistinguishable without the use of a microscope
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gastroenterology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines
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pulmonology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs
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cardiology
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the study of the heart and its action and diseases
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hematology
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a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs
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immunology
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a science that deals with the immune system and the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses
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dermatology
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a branch of science dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases
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orthopedics
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a branch of medicine concerned with the correction or prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of the skeleton and associated structures (as tendons and ligaments)
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neurology
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a branch of medicine concerned especially with the structure, functions, and diseases of the nervous system
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urology
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a branch of medicine dealing with the urinary or urogenital organs
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gynecology
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a branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and routine physical care of the reproductive system of women
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endocrinology
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a science dealing with the endocrine glands
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lumbar
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abdominal region lying on either side of the umbilical region and above the corresponding iliac region
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umbilicus
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a depression in the middle of the abdomen that marks the point of former attachment of the umbilical cord to the embryo
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inguinal
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of, relating to, or situated in the region of the groin
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microscopic
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so small or fine as to be invisible or indistinguishable without the use of a microscope
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gastroenterology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines
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pulmonology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs
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cardiology
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the study of the heart and its action and diseases
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hematology
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a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs
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immunology
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a science that deals with the immune system and the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses
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dermatology
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a branch of science dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases
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orthopedics
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a branch of medicine concerned with the correction or prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of the skeleton and associated structures (as tendons and ligaments)
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neurology
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a branch of medicine concerned especially with the structure, functions, and diseases of the nervous system
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urology
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a branch of medicine dealing with the urinary or urogenital organs
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gynecology
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a branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and routine physical care of the reproductive system of women
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endocrinology
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a science dealing with the endocrine glands
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lumbar
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abdominal region lying on either side of the umbilical region and above the corresponding iliac region
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umbilicus
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a depression in the middle of the abdomen that marks the point of former attachment of the umbilical cord to the embryo
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inguinal
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of, relating to, or situated in the region of the groin
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microscopic
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so small or fine as to be invisible or indistinguishable without the use of a microscope
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gastroenterology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, functions, diseases, and pathology of the stomach and intestines
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pulmonology
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a branch of medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs
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cardiology
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the study of the heart and its action and diseases
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hematology
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a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs
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immunology
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a science that deals with the immune system and the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses
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dermatology
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a branch of science dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases
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orthopedics
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a branch of medicine concerned with the correction or prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of the skeleton and associated structures (as tendons and ligaments)
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neurology
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a branch of medicine concerned especially with the structure, functions, and diseases of the nervous system
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urology
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a branch of medicine dealing with the urinary or urogenital organs
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gynecology
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a branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and routine physical care of the reproductive system of women
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endocrinology
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a science dealing with the endocrine glands
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opthalmology
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a branch of medical science dealing with the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye
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otolaryngology
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a medical specialty concerned especially with the ear, nose, and throat
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oncology
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the study of tumors
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine that deals with the science and practice of treating mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders especially as originating in endogenous causes or resulting from faulty interpersonal relationships
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dietetics
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the science or art of applying the principles of nutrition to feeding
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pharmacology
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the science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology
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geriatrics
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a branch of medicine that deals with the problems and diseases of old age and aging people
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lymphatic
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of, relating to, or produced by lymph, lymphoid tissue, or lymphocytes
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medial
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closer to the middle of the body
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anatomy
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the study of body structure including the size, shape, and composition
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physiology
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the study of how the body functions
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pathophysiology
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the physiology of abnormal states; specifically : the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease
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DNA
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any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei -- called also deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA
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any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities -- called also ribonucleic acid
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mitosis
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a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
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meiosis
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the cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced to one half and that involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homologous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell and a mitotic division
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metabolism
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the cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced to one half and that involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homologous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell and a mitotic division
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anabolism
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building tissue
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catabolism
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breaking down tissue
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solvent
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that dissolves or can dissolve
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suspension
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the state of a substance when its particles are mixed with but undissolved in a fluid or solid
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colloidal
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a gelatinous or mucinous substance found in tissues in disease or normally (as in the thyroid)
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hypertonic
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have a greater concentration of solutes than plasma
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isotonic
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has the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma, isotonic solutions are often used to restore vascular volume
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hypotonic
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have a lesser concentration of solutes
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions; also : the process of maintaining a stable psychological state in the individual under varying psychological pressures or stable social conditions in a group under varying social, environmental, or political factors
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acid
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any substance that liberates hydrogen ions (proteins) in solutions
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acidosis
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an actual or relative increase in the acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis or renal disease.
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alkali
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a strong base. alkalies combine with acids to form salts, combine with fatty acids to form soap, neutralize acids and turn litmus paper blue
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alkalosisan
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an actual or relative increase in blood alkalinity ue to an accumulation of alkalies or reduction of acids
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anion
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an ion carrying a negative charge, the opposite of cation. an anion is attracted by and travels to the anode.
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buffer
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any of several molecules that react with strong acids or bases to prevent large changes in the PH of body fluids
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dehydration
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removal of water from a substance. the clinical consequences of negative fluid balance. ie fluid intakes that fail to match fluid losses. marked by thirst, orthostatic hypotention, tachycardia, elevated plasma sodium levels and cellular disruption.
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diffusion
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the tendency of molecules of a substance to move from a region of igh concentration to one of lower concentration. in the body, oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion.
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electrolyte
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a substance that in solution conducts an electric current and is decomposed by its passage. acids basses and salts are common electrolytes
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extracellular fluid
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fluid situated or occurring outside a cell or the cells of the body
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hypercalcemia
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an excessive amount of calcium in the blood.
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hyperkalemia
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the presence of an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood
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hypervolemia
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an excessive volume of blood in the body
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