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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meninges
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fluid filled membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord - 3 layers pia mater (inner layer, dura mater (outermost layer), arachnoid mater (middle weblike layer)
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Pons
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2 way conduction pathway between the brainstem and other parts of the body - influences respiration
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Pericardium
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the outer membrane surrounding the heart - 2 layers parietal pericardium (outer layer), visceral pericardium (inner layer)
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Visceral pericardium
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inner membrane surrounding the heart
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Parietal pericardium
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outer membrane surrounding the heart
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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part of the autonomic nervous system - ganlia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord - controls visceral effects under normal conditions
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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part of the autonomic nervous system - ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar section of the spinal cord
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Medulla
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a 2 way conductive pathway oblongata between the brainstem and the higher brain center - cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor center
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Olfactory Nerve
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sense of smell - impulses from nose to brain
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Optic Nerve
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sense of sight - impulses from the eyes to the brain
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Trigeminal Nerve
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sense of the face, scalp and teeth, chewing muscles - from the scalp, face, teeth and chewing muscles to the brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain along with the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
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Arachnoid Mater
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the weblike membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the middle layer of meninges)
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Pia Mater
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the innermost membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain
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Dura Mater
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"tough mother" - the durable outer membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain
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Midbrain
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2-way conduction pathway - relay for visual and auditory impulses - part of the brainstem
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Thalamus
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Sensory relay station from various body systems to the cerebral cortex - controls emotions, arousal, alerting mechanisms
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Hypothalamus
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regulates temperature, water balance, sleep cycle, appetite, sexual arousal
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Vagus Nerve
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sensations of throat, larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs - swallowing, voice production, speeds up peristalsis, slowing of heartbeat - impulse from throat, larynx, organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity
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Cerebrum
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the largest, uppermost portion of the brain - sensory preception, emotions, unwilled movements, consciousness and memory
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Cerebellum
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lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum - produces normal movements - muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium and posture
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Polycythemia
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abnormally high amount of RBCs
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Pernicious Anemia
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a deficiency of rbc's due to a lack of vitamin b12
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Pericardium
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the outer membrane surrounding the heart - 2 layers the parietal pericardium (outer layer) and the visceral pericardium (inner layer)
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Sometimes prescribed prior to surgery to promote clotting
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Vitamin K
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Leukocytosis
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abnormally high level of wbc's - above 10,000 wbcs/mm3 of blood
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Leukopenia
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abnormally low level of wbc's - below 5,000 wbcs/mm3 of blood
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Olfactory Receptors
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sense of smell receptors of the epitheleal layer of the upper nasal cavity
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Gustatory Cells
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taste buds
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Vestibule
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inner ear - located adjacent to the oval window between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
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Vestibular Nerve
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a division of the vestibucochlear nerve - the 8th cranial nerve
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Semicircular Canals
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located in the inner ear - contains specialized receptor called crista ampullaries that generate a nerve impulse on movement of the head - balance
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Perilymph
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a watery fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the ear
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Organ of Corti
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the organ of hearing located in the cochlea and filled with endolymph
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Membranous Labyrinth
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a membranous sac that follows the shape of the bony labrynth and is filled with endolymph
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Crista Ampullaris
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a specialized receptor located within the semicircular canals that detects head movement
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Cochlea
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part of the inner ear that is snail shell shaped
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Cochlear Duct
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membranous tube within the bony cochlea
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Inner Ear
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made up of cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule and filled with perilymph
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Middle Ear
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made up of the auditory ossicles, eustachian tube (connects ear to throat)
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External Ear
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made up of the auricle (outer ear we see), auditory meatus (ends at tympanic membrane)
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Myopia
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nearsightedness - eyeball is elongated
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Hyperopia
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farsightedness - eyeball is flattened
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Visual Pathway
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light enters pupil - refracted (bent) light is focused on retina - refraction occurs as light passes thru the cornea, the aqueous humor, lens and virteous humor then to the retina
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Anemia
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deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglogin
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Ventricle
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lower chambers of the heart - discharging chambers - right and left
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Atria
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2 upper chambers of the heart - receiving chambers - left and right
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Diencephalon
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located between the midbrain (below) and cerebrum (above) - made up of hypothalamus and thalamus
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Brainstem
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Lowest part is medulla oblongata - middle is pons - top is midbrain - reflex centers for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor centers
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Neurotransmitter
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chemicals by which neurons communicate
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Autonomic Nervous System
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divisions of the human nervous system that regulate involuntary actions
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Peripheral Nervous System
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the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
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Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cord
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Dendrite
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one or more branching projections of a neuron that transmit impulses toward the body
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2 cell types of nervous system
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neurons and glia
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Glia
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special types of cells supporting the nervous system
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Schwann Cell
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forms myetin outside the nervous system - wrap around some axons
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Thrombocytes
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platelets - blood clotting - 300,000 per mm3 of blood
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White Blood Cell Types
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neutrophil (engulf microbes) - monocyte (engulf microbes) - eosinophil (protect body from parasites and allergens) - basophils (allergic reaction protection) - Lymphocyte (infection protection)
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Blood Plasma
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liquid part of blood - composed of water and many dissolved substances (salt, food, hormones)
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Where is vitamin K produced?
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intestines
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Universal Blood Recipient
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AB
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Universal Blood Donor
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O
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4 Blood Types
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A, B, AB, O
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Hemoglobin
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iron containing protein in rbc's
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Oxyhemoblobin
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combined oxygen-hemoglobin complex that makes it possible for the efficient transport of large quantities of oxygen to the body cells
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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hemoglobin carrying small amounts of co2
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells - 5,000-10,000 per mm3 of blood
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Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells - 4.5-5 million per mm3 of blood
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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inadequate levels of iron in the diet so that less ehmoglobin is produced - results in extreme fatigue
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Heparin
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helps prevent the clotting of blood as it flows through the blood vessels of the body
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Vitreous Humor
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jelly like fluid behind the lens (in the posterior chamber)
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Aqueos Humor
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watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the lens - constantly formed and drained and replaced in the anterior chamber - if drainage blocked, pressure builds and blindness can occur (glaucoma)
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Iris
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one of 2 involuntary muscles that make up the front part of the choroid - colored structure seen thru the cornea
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Chemoreceptors
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receptors that respond to chemicals
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Respiratory Control Center
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medulla and pons
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Residual Volume
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what remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
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Vital Capacity
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largest amount of air that we can breathe out in one expiration
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Tidal Volume
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normal inspiration and expiration
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Oxyhemoglobin
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oxygenated hemogobin
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Mechanics of Breathing
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at inspiration, diaphragm contracts and lungs fill with air - at expiration, diaphragm relaxes, forcing air from lungs
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Inspiratory Muscle
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Diaphragm
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Internal Respiration
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exchange of gases between the blood and cells of the body
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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external ventilation - movement of air into and out of the lungs
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Visceral Pleura
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outer lining of the lungs
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Parietal Pleura
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layer that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
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Hyaline Cartilage
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trachael ring
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Nasopharynx
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the part of the pharynx behind the nose
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Laryngopharynx
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the lowest part of the pharynx
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Oropharynx
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the part of the pharynx located behind the mouth
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Frontal (above & between the eyes) - Maxillary (cheeks by nose) - Spenoidal (beside bridge of nose) - Ethmoidal (each side of bridge of nose)
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Respiratory Mucosa
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the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the system
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Bronchial Tree
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- trachea
- Left & Right Bronchi - Bronchioles (branches) - Alveolar sacs (group of grapes) - Alveoli (one grape) - All covered in capillaries |
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Respiratory Membrane
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thin membrane between blood in capillaries and air in alveoli
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Upper Respiratory System
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Nose
Pharynx Larynx |
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Lower Respiratory System
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Trachea
Bronchi Lungs |
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2 Basic Functions of Respiratory System
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- air distribution
- gas exchanger - filters, warms, humidifies air we breathe |
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Bone Marrow Cells
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Develops cells of RBCs and WBCs forms B cells and T cells
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B Cells (Bone Marrow)
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-divide repeatedly
-plasma cells secrete antibodies -memory cells stored in lymph node FUNCTION-release chemicals to attract and secrete antibodies |
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T Cells (bone marrow)
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-go thru thymus and mature
-FUNCTION-kill invading cells |
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Specific Immunity (where)
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-skin and mucous membranes
-tears -inflammation - attracts immune cells to the site injury -increases blood flow -increases vascular permeability -promotes movement of WBCs to site |
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Macrophages
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phagocytic cells in immune system
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Neutrophil
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WBCs that stain readily with neutral dyes
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Phagocyte
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WBCs that engulf and digest microbes
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Immune System Cells
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Phagocytes
-Neutrophils and monocytes -macrophages -Kuffers cells found between liver cells Lymphocytes - most numerous - responsible for antibody reproduction |
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Specific Immunity
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body recognizes, response to and remembers harmful substances
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Adenoids
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aka - pharyngeal tonsils
- located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity |
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Lymph Vessel
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-vessels carrying lymph all over the body
- afferent - carry lymph to the node (4) - efferent - carry lymph away from the node (1) |
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Stratum Corneum
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- tough outer layer of the epidermis
- cells filled with keratin are continually sloughed off |
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Eccrine Glands
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are everywhere - sweat glands
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Threshold Stimulus
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minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract
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Blood Viscosity
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the thickness of blood
-decreased viscosity, decreased BP -increased viscosity, increased BP |
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Blood Volume
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the amount of blood in arteries (decreased volume, decreased BP)
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Dorsal Pedis Artery
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on top of foot at big toe
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Popliteal Artery
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behind knee
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Femoral Artery
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at groin
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Radial Artery
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lateral (thumb) side of wrist
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Carotid Artery
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left side of head and neck
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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route of blood flow thru the liver
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Tunica Intima
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inner (endothelium) layer of veins and arteries
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Pulmonary Circulation
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blood flow from the heart to lungs and back to heart to oxygenate blood
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Systemic Circulation
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blood flow through the body
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Tunica Media
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smooth muscle layer (inner) of veins and arteries
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Tunica Adventitia
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outermost layer of veins and arteries
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Types of Blood Vessels
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Heart
Artery Arterioles Capillaries Capillary Bed Venules Veins |
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P-Wave
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lub
when av node and atrial walls depolarize |
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T-Wave
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when the ventricular walls repolarize
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Repolarization
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relaxation
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Depolarization
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contraction
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QRS Complex
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occurs as the artia repolarize and the ventricular walls depolarize
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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graphic record of the hearts electrical activity
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Cardidac Output
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volume of blood pumped by one ventricle for 1 minute (avg 5L)
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Stroke volume
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volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each beat
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Lub Dub
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Lub - closure of av valves
Dub - closure of semilunar valves |
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Chordae Tendiae
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attach the av valves to the wall of the heart
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Pericardium
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the covering of the heart
- 3 layers Parietal Pericardium Visceral Pericardium |
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Endocardium
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a layer of thin, smooth tissue lining the heart
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Immune System
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-same as lymph system
-Protects body from bacteria, foreign tissue and cancerous cells |
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Immunity
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refers to body resisting invading organisms and toxins which prevent tissue and organ damage
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Bronchi
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right and left bronchus (primary) branches out into secondary bronchus - bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
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Trachea
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windpipe, extends from larynx to bronchi
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Epiglottis
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-partially covers opening of pharynx
-acts like a trap door, closing off the larynx during swallowing |
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Larynx
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voice box
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Pharynx
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Throat
-3 sections (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) |
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Spleen
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-largest organ of lymph tissue
-FUNCTION-stores blood & platelets -phagocytes to engulf & breakdown old rbc's Filters and removes bacteria that enter the blood system |
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Tonsils
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3 types
-Palatine (on each side of throat) -Adenoids or Pharyngeal (first line of defense, remove foreign debris -Lingual (near base of tongue) |
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Lymph Nodes
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-small oval shaped structure located over the base of mediastinium
-filters lymph -function (defense & WBC formation -help remove & destroy substance called antiens which are capable of triggering an immune response |
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Thymus
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-2 lobed mass of lymph tissue located over base of mediastinium
-forms T-cells for several months after birth -undergoes atrophy as adults replaced largely by fat and connective tissue |
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Flow of Lymph
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-afferent vessels take fluid to node (several afferent vessels per node)
-efferent vessels take fluid away from node (1 per node) |
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Thoracic Duct
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-Largest lymph vessel and has enlarged pouch for lymph storage called cisterna chyli
-drains lymph 3/4 of body |
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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drains lymph of upper right extremity, head, neck and upper torso
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Lacteals
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lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal wall
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Lymph
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-fluid which carries protein molecules and other substances to blood
-1 way movement |
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Embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the blood stream
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Embolus
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blood clot moving through the body
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Mechanics of Breathing
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During inspiration, diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of thoracic cavity. (decrease in pressure and air rushes into lungs)
During expiration, the diaphragm returns to an upward position, reducing the volume in the thoracic cavity (air pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs) |
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Sphincter
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Ring shaped muscle
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Thrombosis
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formation of a clot in a blood vessel
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Thrombus
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when a clot stays in the place where it formed
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Polycythemia
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an excessive number of red blood cells
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Pulmonary Vein
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Vein carrying blood from blood from lungs back to heart - enters thru left atrium
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Aorta
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carries blood away from heart to body parts
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Pulmonary Artery
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artery leading from right ventricle (thru pulmonary valve) to lungs (deoxygenaged blood)
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Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
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brings deoxygenated blood from extremities to heart and enters right atrium
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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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at the beginning of the pulmonary artery out of the right ventricle
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Bicuspid Valve
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valve between left atrium and left ventricle
aka mitral valve |
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Aortic Semilunar Valve
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at the beginning of the aorta out of the left ventricle
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Tricuspid Valve
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valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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Atrioventricular Valves
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Valves located between the atria and ventricles in the heart (bicuspid is left side, tricuspid is right side)
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Myocardium
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cardiac muscle tissue making up the wall of each heart chamber
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Lens
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lies directly behind the pupil
held in place by a ligament attached to the ciliary muscle |
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Cones
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receptors for daytime vision
3 types 9each responds to a different color (red, blue, green) |
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Rods
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receptor for night vision
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Cataract
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long time exposure to uv radiation in sunlight causing the lens to become hard, lose its transparency and become milky in appearance
progressive and may result in blindness can be surgically removed |
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Presbyopia
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oldsightedness
loss of ability to focus on close objects (farsightedness) |
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Pupil
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the black center of the iris
is really a hole in the iris muscle |
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Conjunctiva
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mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera (white portion)
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Choroid
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middle layer of the eyeball that contains a dark pigment to prevent the scattering of incoming light rays
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Lacrimal Gland
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glands that produce tears, located in the upper lateral portion of the orbit
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Retina
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innermost layer of the eyeball
contains rods and cones and continues posteriorly with the optic nerve |
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Sclera
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white outer coat of the eyeball
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Special Sense Organs
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responsible for the special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
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Special Sense Organ - Eye
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receptor - rods and cones
receptor type - photo sense - vision |
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Special Sense Organ - Ear
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receptor - organ of corti
receptor type - mechanical sense - hearing receptor - cristal ampullaries receptor type - mechanical sense - balance |
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Special Sense Organ - Nose
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receptor - olfactory cells
receptor type - chemoreceptor sense - smell |
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Special Sense Organ - Taste
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receptor - gustatory cells
receptor type - chemoreceptor sense - taste |
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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located in subcutaneous, submucous and subserous tissues around joints, in the mammary glands and external genitals of both sexes
general senses - pressure and high frequency vibration |
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Meissner's Corpuscles
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sense organ
located in skin (in papillae of dermis), fingertips and lips (numerous) general sense - fine touch and low frequency vibration |
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Proprioceptors
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receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints
allows the body to recognize its position |
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General Sense Organs
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microscopic receptors distributed throughout the body in skin, muscles, tendons, joints and other internal organs
responsible for sensations such as pain, temp, touch and pressure |
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Sensory Receptors
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allow us to respond to stimuli such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain
located at tips of dendrites of sensory neurons |
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Erythroblasts Fetalis
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when mom has Rh- blood and an Rh+ dad and Rh+ baby
mom will form antigens in blood to fight Rh+ a second Rh+ baby would have the erythroblastosis fetalis disease and agglutination mothers are treated with a protein that stops the forming of the antibodies |
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Rh Factor
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an antigen found in the blood
Rh positive - the antigen Rh factor is in the blood Rh negative - NO Rh factor found in the blood |
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Steps of Clotting
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1. Release of clotting factors from both injured tissue cells and sticky platelets at the injury site
2. chemical reaction mixing Prothrombin, prothrombin activator and calcium to form fibrin - forming a clot |
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Fibrin
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a fibrous gel formed when thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a normal plasma protein)
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Prothrombin
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a protein in normal blood
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