Body Organization

Front 1

1. What are the two main regions of the body?

Back 1

1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
2. Appendicular Region (limbs)

Front 2

2. What three structures are in the Axial Region?

Back 2

3. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
a) Head
b) Neck
c) Trunk (has 3 parts)

Front 3

3. What are the three parts of the Trunk (Axial Region)? What organs does each part contain?

Back 3

1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary and reproductive organs

Front 4

4. What makes up the Upper Limbs of the Appendicular Region?

Back 4

Appendicular Region - limbs
a) Upper Limbs
1) Axilla (armpit)
2) Arm (shoulder to elbow)
3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!
4) Wrist
5) Hand: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges

Front 5

5. What is the term for the thumb?

Back 5

Pollex

Front 6

6. What is the term for the arm?

Back 6

Brachium

Front 7

7. What is the term for the area where blood is drawn? In what body region is it found?

Back 7

Antecubital fossa; it is in the brachium

Front 8

8. What makes up the Lower Limbs of the Appendicular Region?

Back 8

Lower Limbs
1) Thigh
(hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!
2) Leg (knee to ankle)
3) Ankle
4) Foot: 5 digits; big toe is the hallux

Front 9

9. What is the term for the big toe?

Back 9

Hallux

Front 10

10. What is the term for the area behind the knee?

Back 10

Popliteal fossa

Front 11

11. What bone contains the area behind the knee?

Back 11

The back of the femur

Front 12

12. What describes ANATOMICAL POSITION?

Back 12

ANATOMICAL POSITION:
• The person is standing up straight
• The palms face anteriorly
• The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent)
• The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly

Front 13

13. If a person starts in anatomical position and then pronates their hands 90 degrees, which way does the palm face?

Back 13

They face each other

Front 14

14. If a person starts in anatomical position and then pronates their hands 180 degrees, which way does the palm face?

Back 14

Posteriorly

Front 15

15. What is Superior?

Back 15

Superior: towards the top of the head
“The head is superior to the abdomen”

Front 16

16. What is Inferior?

Back 16

Inferior: towards the bottom of the feet

Front 17

17. What is Anterior?

Back 17

Anterior (ventral): towards the front of the body
“The breastbone is anterior to the spine”
“The nose is anterior to the eyes.”

Front 18

18. What is Posterior?

Back 18

Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body
“The spine is posterior to the heart.”

Front 19

19. What is Medial?

Back 19

Medial (not middle!): towards the midline.
“The heart is medial to the lungs.”

Front 20

20. What is Lateral?

Back 20

Lateral: towards the sides, away from the midline of the body.
“The Lungs are lateral to the heart.”
“The arms are lateral to the chest”

Front 21

21. What is Proximal?

Back 21

Proximal: Close to the point of origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (in most cases, closer to the heart).
“The elbow is proximal to the wrist.”

Front 22

22. What is Distal?

Back 22

Distal: away from the point of origin (in most cases, away from the heart).
“The fingers are distal to the wrist.”
“The knee is distal to the thigh”

Front 23

23. What is Superficial?

Back 23

Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
“The skin is superficial to the muscles.”

Front 24

24. What is Deep?

Back 24

Deep (internal): Away from the body surface; more internal. Do NOT use the term “interior”.
“Bones are deep to the muscles.”
“The lungs are deep to the skin”

Front 25

25. What is Intermediate?

Back 25

Intermediate: Between a more medial and a more lateral structure “The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder”

Front 26

What is the Frontal (coronal) Plane?

Back 26

Frontal (coronal) Plane: Divides body or organ into anterior/posterior.

Front 27

27. What is the Sagittal Plane?

Back 27

Sagittal Plane: Divides body or organ into left and right.
a) Midsagittal (median) plane: down the midline, dividing EQUALLY right and left. b) Parasagittal plane: divides into UNEQUAL right and left parts.

Front 28

28. What is the Transverse Plane?

Back 28

Transverse Plane (Cross sec): Divides body or organ into superior/inferior parts

Front 29

29. What are the 3 Body Cavities?

Back 29

Body Cavities
1. Thoracic cavity (contains lungs and heart)
2. Abdominal cavity (contains digestive organs)
3. Pelvic cavity (contains reproductive organs)

Front 30

30. What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Back 30

The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm.

Front 31

31. What are the 2 Body Membranes and the space that separates them?

Back 31

Body Membranes
1. Parietal serosa (lines the body wall)
2. Visceral serosa (lines the organ such as heart or lungs)
3. Serous cavity (space between the parietal and visceral serosa; contains fluid)

Front 32

32. What is Flexion/Extension?

Back 32

Flexion (reduces angle of joint)
Extension (increases angle of the joint; returns part to anatomical position). Hyperextension goes even farther than anatomical position.

Front 33

33. What are Abduction/ Adduction/ Rotation/ Circumduction?

Back 33

Abduction (takes body part away from midline in the frontal plane)
Adduction (returns body part to midline in the frontal plane)
Rotation (to pivot on the axis of a bone, such as shaking head “no”)
Circumduction: (Using the body part to draw a circle in the air)

Front 34

34. What is internal and external rotation?

Back 34

Internal rotation: to move a limb towards the midline of the body in the transverse plane
External rotation: to move a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane

Front 35

35. What is Inversion/Eversion?

Back 35

Inversion (turns foot toward midline in the frontal plane)
Eversion (turns foot away from midline in the frontal plane)

Front 36

36. What is Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion?

Back 36

Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise toes up in the air (sagittal plane)
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward (sagittal plane)

Front 37

37. What is Protraction/Retraction?

Back 37

Protraction: sticks body part out anteriorly (jutting out the jaw)
Retraction: opposite movement to protraction (pulls body part posteriorly, such as the scapula)

Front 38

38. What is Elevation/Depression?

Back 38

Elevation: lifting a body part superiorly (raising shoulders upward)
Depression: moving the elevated part inferiorly (pulls body part inferiorly)

Front 39

39. What is Opposition?

Back 39

Opposition (brings thumb to touch tips of fingers)

Front 40

40. What is Pronation and Supination?

Back 40

Pronation: (turns forearm or foot away from midline; tri-plane movement of eversion, abduction, and plantarflexion)
Supination: (turns forearm or foot towards midline; tri-plane movement of inversion, adduction, and dorsiflexion)

Front 41

41. What is prone, and how does it differ from pronation?

Back 41

Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. Pronation is a movement.

Front 42

42. What is supine, and how does it differ from supination?

Back 42

Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying on the back. Supination is a movement.

Front 43

43. What is the difference between Adduction/Abduction and Flexion/Extension at the shoulders and hips?

Back 43

Adduction/Abduction: moving your arms/thighs away from the body laterally, in the frontal plane.
Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs away from the body in front of you, in the sagittal plane.