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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 pathogens that cause disease?
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, macro-parasites
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What is a disease?
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a condition that prevents or stops the body, or any of its parts, from working well
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What is a non-infectious disease?
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one that cannot be spread from one person to another
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Give 2 examples of how a disease can be passed on through indirect contact.
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needles and water & food
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What is a vector of a disease and give an example?
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something that passes the disease from person to person (eg picking it up)
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Diseases that are transmitted by direct contact are called c_________ diseases.
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contagious
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What is an infectious disease?
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one that can be spread or transfered from one organism to another
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Define pathogen
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a microbe that generally causes disease
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Define host
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the animal or plant that the pathogen has invaded
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Define protozoans
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the group of single-celled, animal-like organisms that cause disease in humans
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define epidemic
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when a disease spreads very quickly through a large number of people
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explain the meaning of 'antigen'
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usually made of protein or polysaccharide and cause an immune response in the body, stimulating the production of antibodies
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not all bacteria are pathogens. describe 2 ways in which bacteria can be useful.
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The ones that live in soil and break down dead matter, making it available to be recycled. Those used to make cheeses and wine
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Describe 2 ways in which bacteria can cause disease.
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They may produce a substance that is toxic to the surrounding host cells. They may stop the host organism from performing its normal activities.
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Write and example of a virus
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myxomatosis
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what are 4 examples of different bacterial diseases?
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'strep' throat, pneumonia, tetanus and food poisoning
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With respect to humans, where are parasites found?
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outside or inside the body
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give 3 examples of disease caused by protozoans
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malaria, amoebic dysentery, african sleeping sickness
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give 4 examples of larger parasites
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tapeworms, roundworms and live flukes
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Give 3 examples of disease caused by fungi
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tinea/athlete's foot, thrush and ringworm
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When can fungi become active and start causing problems in the body?
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if the resistance to disease is low
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Name 2 different vectors.
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mosquito and houseflies
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describe 2 ways in which diseases can be spread by direct contact
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touching or being touched. Coughing, sneezing and talking all produce small air-borne droplets that can be carried through the air for short distances
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explain the difference between an infectious disease and a contagious one
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infectious disease: one that can be spread or transferred from one organism to another
contagious: a disease that is spread by direct contact |
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what does 'contaminated' mean? how might food utensils become contaminated?
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contaminated: means impure. inadequate cleaning or sharing without washing first
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suggest 4 ways of reducing your chances of catching a contagious disease
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stay away from a visibly infected person so they cannot touch you. Hold your breath when passing someone who just coughed, sneezed or spoke. Wash all bedclothes if the person who sleeps on them is someone else. Make sure no food or water is contaminated, before you eat or drink it.
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List 5 ways in which the body protects itself from the entry of disease-causing microbes.
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Skin: a great barrier in preventing invasion by disease-causing microbes
Nasal hairs & sticky mucus: air is filtered Body fluids: (eg saliva & tears) contain chemicals with cleansing properties Acid: produced in the stomach can kill most disease-causing microbes before they reach the small intestine Acidic mucus in vagina: provides chemical environment in which it is difficult for microbes to grow and multiply |
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What is inflammation and what causes it?
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When the affected part of the body may swell, becomes tender and fails to perform its usual function. When microbes pass through the external defence barriers, the body's internal defence systems begin a highly organised attack on the invaders in an effort to destroy them
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What is pus?
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the mixture of dead skin and white blood cells
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explain how white blood cells help to defend the body
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move into the damaged area and act like scavengers as they surround and destroy foreign particles
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Why do some glands feel swollen when there is an infection in the body?
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cos they are a part of a network of fine tubes running throughout the body which carries a pale yellow fluid called lymph. It removes foreign material an dead cells before they get into the bloodstream. Swollen 'glands' are actually lymph nodes where fluids are filtered and foreign matter is trapped
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What is immunity?
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when they have a special resistance to particular pathogen
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What chemicals does the human body produce to fight some pathogens?
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antibodies
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if you were exposed to the chickenpox for the second time, what would your body do to fight the pathogen?
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quickly produce the antibodies again to stop the virus from having any effect
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What is vaccination and how does it work?
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Vaccination: the giving of a vaccine to produce immunity. It is the methos of taking some pus from an infected person/animal and deliberately giving a different person a sample of the disease
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What is the difference between immunity and vaccination?
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Immunity: when they have a special resistance to particular pathogens
Vaccination: the giving of a vaccine to produce immunity |
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define antibiotics
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drugs that are used to treat bacteria
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define antibodies
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chemicals that fight some pathogens
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define vaccine
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a substance which, when taken or injected, helps to develop immunity
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Explain why soap, as well as clean water, may be necessary to remove pathogens from the hands
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cos it helps to dissolve the fats and oils on the skin which may hold many microbes
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What is pasteurisation?
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the process of heating milk to 63 degrees Celcius for 30 mins and then cooling it, to destroy most of the bacteria that could contaminate it
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What objects might be sterilised using high temperatures?
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Babies' bottles, operating theatres, drinking water/swimming pools/spas, milk
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What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
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Antiseptic: a milder chemical than most disinfectants, which are so powerful that they would damage our skin tissue
Disinfectant: a chemical that can be used to kill microbes on clothes and other surfaces |
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Why should food be covered if left on benches or tables?
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cos it prevents flies from contaminating it
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Why do doctors tend not to prescribe antibiotics to treat viral infections?
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cos antibiotics do not prevent the growth of viruses. The over-use of antibiotics can cause strains of bacteria to develop that are not affacted by the antibiotic being used. Microbes can also become resistant to medication when people fail to complete the courses of antibiotics they are prescribed
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Give an example of Chinese Herbal Medicine and what it does
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Yunnan Paiyo - it has been used to stop bleeding. It was also used by soldiers during the Vietnam War
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List some of the signs or symptoms the body produces when you have the measles
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cough, runny rose, conjunctivitis, high temperature, red blotchy rash, pneumonia and inflammation of the brain
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Very young babies may be immune to some infectious diseases. Suggest why
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Through a mother's breast milk. Antibodies from the mothr can be transferred in the milk and help to provide the baby with temporary immunity to many diseases
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Why is vaccination important?
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it ensures that people are protected against infectious diseases
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