Body As Host Test #3 Gram Negative Bacilli

Front 1

What does Enterobacteriaceae suggest about their location?

Back 1

Entero=gut

Front 2

What are the antigens involved with enterobacteriaceae?

Back 2

O Antigen: LPS (lipopolysach.)
K Antigen: Capsule
H Antigen: Peritrichous flagella

Pilli are not part of formal typing scheme

Front 3

What are the genera of enterobacteriaceae that are the most virulent for humans?

Back 3

1. Escherichia
2. Shigella
3. Salmonella
4. Klebsiella
5. Yersinia

Front 4

What is the habitat of enterobacteriaceae?

Back 4

Lower GI tract and female genital tract.

Front 5

These two enterobacteriaceae are strict human pathogens?

Back 5

Shigella & Salmonella.

Front 6

What toxins are present with enterobacteriaceae?

Back 6

Endotoxin (LPS): Not secreted.
Enterotoxin: Secreted.
Exotoxin

Front 7

Pathogenicity Island?

Back 7

Microorganisms living close together may conjugate and exchange genetic material which may lead to the transfer of resistance/virulence factors.

Front 8

Type III secretion?

Back 8

Unique 'needle-like' secretion into host cells w/o having to contact host cell.

Front 9

E. coli: What types of pili are there?

What types of cells do each type of pili bind to?

Back 9

Type 1 pili-bind to D-mannose...common on epithelial cells.

P pili-bind to uroepithelial cells (urinary tract infections) and erythrocytes

Front 10

What are 4 types of toxins coming from E. coli?

Back 10

1. alpha-hemonlysin: cytotoxin, causing cell death
2. Shiga & Shiga-like toxin: AB toxin prevents protein elongation
3. Labile toxin (LT): AB toxin, causing secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the bowel lumen
4. Stable toxin (ST): same as LT

Front 11

What do E.coli toxins cause in the host?

Back 11

Diarrhea. Caused by the toxin and not the bacterium itself.

Front 12

What are the two main types of E.coli infections a host might contract (sites)?

Back 12

1. Urinary tract (UTI) or (UPEC-Uropathegenic E.coli)

2. Intestinal infection

Front 13

E.coli urinary tract infection (UPEC):
What percentage of people have one in their life span?

What is greater danger?

What type of pili?

Back 13

40% have one in lifetime (more common in women)

Infections in upper UT may lead to sepsis and septic shock.

P pili. Pyelonephritis-spreading to pelvis and kidneys.

Front 14

What are 5 types of E.coli intestinal infections?

Back 14

1. ETEC (enterotoxigenic)
2. EPEC (enteropathogenic)
3. EIEC (enteroinvasive)
4. EHEC (enterohemorrhagic)
5. EAEC (enteroaggregative)

Front 15

ETEC (enterotoxigenic):
1. What type of diarrhea?
2. What types of toxins cause the fluid outpouring into small intestine?
3. Where is it most prevalent?
4. Invasive?

Back 15

1. Watery diarrhea. (Traveler's diarrhea)

2. Cytotoxins/Stable Toxins

3. Leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. (greater than 2 yrs old)

4. No invasion or inflammation.

Front 16

EPEC (enteropathegenic):
1. What type of diarrhea?
2. Where is it most prevalent?
3. Invasive?

Back 16

1. Watery diarrhea

2. Accounts for about 20% of diarrhea among infants in developing countries

3. Non-invasive

Front 17

EIEC (enteroinvasive):
1. Similar to what?
2. What type of diarrhea?
3. Invasive?

Back 17

1. Shigella

2. Bloody diarrhea

3. Yes. Enter into host cell.

Front 18

EHEC (enterohemorrhagic):
1. What type of diarrhea?
2. Invasive?
3. What antigenic marker?

Back 18

1. Bloody diarrhea

2. Not invasive

3. O157:H7

Front 19

EAEC (enteroaggregative):
1. What type of diarrhea?
2. Invasive?
3. How long does it take symptoms to appear after ingestion?

Back 19

1. Watery diarrhea

2. Not invasive, but forms a biofilm on the intestinal surfaces

3. Starts 2-4 days after infectious dose

Front 20

What are the common species (3) of the Shigella genus?

Back 20

1. S.flexneri
2. S.dysenteriae
3. S.sonni

Front 21

Do Shigella have flagella?

Back 21

No, therefore no H antigen.

Front 22

Shigellosis:
1. What is it?
2. How is it spread?
3. What type of diarrhea?
4. What type of dose is necessary?

Back 22

1. Dysentary (diarrhea + WBC + RBC)

2. Spread fecal-oral route (poor sanitation)

3. Bloody diarrhea (begins with a watery diarrhea, followed by presence of blood and pus)

4. Low infectious dose (< 200 organisms)

Front 23

Shigellosis:
1. Why is it so potent (low infectious dose)?
2. Invasive?

Back 23

1. Acid resistant (can pass through stomach into intestine)

2. Yes. Transcytose through M cells.

Unlike EPEC & EHEC: no A/E lesion

Front 24

Salmonella:
How many species?

Back 24

One species (S.enterica) with many serotypes

Front 25

Salmonella:
1. Flagella?
2. Opportunists or Strict pathogens?
3. What are 2 types of Salmonellosis (Infections)?

Back 25

1. Yes

2. Strict pathogens

3. Gastroenterities (S.enterica) & Typhoid fever (serotype typhi)

Front 26

Salmonella-Gastroenteritis:
1. Onset?
2. How long does it last?
3. Recent years?

Back 26

1. 1-2 days after eating

2. Lasts 3-4 days (self-limiting in healthy individuals)

3. Outbreaks have increased with large scale food production

Front 27

Salmonella-Typhoid fever:
1. What is special about it?
2. Transmission?
3. Where is it prevalent?
4. How is it different than S.enterica?

Back 27

1. Strictly human, no animal model.

2. Fecal-oral transmission.

3. Areas with poor sanitation.

4. Similar to S.enterica, but persist in macrophage longer, can spread to other sites, causing bacteremia.

Front 28

Yersinia:
What are the important species for us to know?

Back 28

1. Y.pestis* (bubonic plague)

2. Y.pseudotuberculosis

3. Y.enterocolitica

2&3 cause gastroenteritis

Front 29

Shigella vs. Salmonella:
What is different about how they spread?

Back 29

Shigella: Type III secretion system. Spreads horizontally along small intestine cells.

Salmonella: Spreads more 'vertically' into lymph nodes. More systemic spread.

Front 30

Vibrio:
1. General characteristics?
2. What is most virulent species?
3. What type of toxin?
4. Important serotypes?

Back 30

1. Curved rods with single polar flagellum

2. V.cholerae

3. Cytotoxin (AB)

4. 150 O antigen serotypes: O1 & O139 cause cholera

Front 31

V.cholerae:
1. Toxin?
2. Type of diarrhea?
3. Source?
4. Incubation time?
5. Dosage?

Back 31

1. AB toxin (2 As & 5 Bs)

2. Most dramatic watery diarrhea known

3. Contaminated water, under cooked seafood

4. About 2 days

5. High dosage required

Front 32

Campylobacter:
1. General characteristics?
2. Common human pathogens?
3. Where is it prevalent?
4. Incubation time?
5. What may it mimic?
6. What type of diarrhea?
7. Duration?
8. Reservoir?

Back 32

1. Curved rod with polar flagellum

2. C.jejuni, C.coli

3. Most common cause of GI infection in developed countries

4. 1-7 days after ingestion

5. Acute appendicitis

6. Watery or dysenteric with blood and pus

7. Self limiting-up to 1 week

8. Animal reservoir

Front 33

Helicobacter pylori:
1. Associated with what condition?
2. Nobel prize winners?
3. General characteristics?
4. Site?
5. Virulence factors?
6. Diagnosis?

Back 33

1. Stomach ulcers

2. Barry Marshall & Robin Warren

3. Slender, curved rod with polar flaggela

4. Limited to the mucosa of the stomach

5. Urease-generates ammonia (rasies pH to allow for growth)
Vacuolating toxin (VacA-causes cell death) & Cag stimulate inflammation

6. Measure the CO2 levels (biproduct of Urease), ingestion of Carbon 13 or 14 labeled urea

Front 34

Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
1. Aerobic?
2. Flaggela?

Back 34

1. Aerobic but can grow slowly under anaerobic conditions.

2. Single polar flaggelum.

Produce colorful water soluble pigments.

Front 35

Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
1. Where can it grow outside a host?
2. Antimicrobic resistance?
3. What do they produce?***

Back 35

1. Sinks and faucet aerators

2. Most resistance b/c it grows in biofilm and makes a lot of polysaccharides that aren't penetrated.

3. Alginate forming a mucoid exopolysaccharide slime layer***

Front 36

Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
1. What types of toxin?
2. What else do they produce?
3. Range of infection?
4. Who is most susceptible?***

Back 36

1. Exotoxin A, similar to Diphtheria toxin

2. Exoenzyme S & elastase (breaks down elastin in lungs & vessels-hemmorrhagic destruction)

3. Very wide. Difficult to treat (biofilm)

4. ***Burn victims, leukemia, Cystic Fibrosis patients

Front 37

Haemophilus:
1. Haemo- means what?
2. General characteristics?
3. What type of agar?

Back 37

1. Blood

2. Smallest bacteria, grow in blood

3. Chocolate agar

Front 38

Haemophilus influenzae:
1. # of serotypes?
2. Most virulent serotype?
3. Most virulent serotype's capsule?***
4. Causes what condition?
5. Mechanism of invasion?***
6. Vaccine?

Back 38

1. Six

2. Type b (Hib)

3. Capsule contains ribose, ribitol & phosphate, called polyribitol phosphate (PRP)*

4. Major cause of meningitis in children under 2 (also epiglottitis & pneumonia)

5. ***Invades between epithelial cells (smallest bacteria)

6. Vaccine has drastically reduced prevalence

Front 39

Bordetella pertusis:
1. What does it cause?
2. What toxin?
3. What is the 2 component system?***

Back 39

1. Whooping cough

2. Pertusis toxin (an AB toxin)

3. Sensor domain & Modular domain: Environmental factor is sensed to change production *** BvgS regulatory (sensory) protein of membrane

BvgA regulatory protein of cytoplasm

Act is 2nd regulator that allows for transcription of Pertusis toxin.

Front 40

Legionella pneumonia:
1. Name?
2. Transfer?
3. Intracellular or extracellular?
4. Opportunist or strict pathogen?
5. Site? (Macro & micro)

Back 40

1. 1976 American Legion convention (first discovered)

2. Aerosol

3. Intracellular

4. High mortality rate in immunocompromised

5. Lung, multiplies in macrophages.

Front 41

Campylobacter:
1. Motile?
2. Aerobic?
3. Use of actin?

Back 41

1. Yes

2. Micro-aerophillic

3. Manipulates cellular microtubules as opposed to using actin

Front 42

How does H.pylori survive in the stomach?

Back 42

Urease metabolizes urea into ammonia to raise the local pH.

Front 43

Psudomonas aeruginosa:
1. Growth requirement?
2. Large production of what?
3. Susceptible populations?

Back 43

1. Minimal: ammonia and CO2

2. Mucoid exopolysaccharide slime layer

3. Burn patients, Cystic Fibrosis patients, Leukemia patients

Front 44

Haemophilus influenzae:
1. What is most virulent serotype?
2. Vaccine contains what?

Back 44

1. Type b (Hib)

2. Contains purified PRP.

Front 45

Bordetella pertusis:
1. Toxin?
2. Virulence factors?

Back 45

1. Pertussis toxin (PT): an AB toxin

2. PT is major virulence factor, also adenylate cyclase