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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBCs in pts w/ asplenia?
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howell jolly bodies
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Hypoplastic lungs+absent kidneys+oligohydramnios
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potter syndrome
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What is the cause of potter syndrome?
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oligohydramnios
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Acid fast bacilli in a patients sputum=
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active TB
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Drugs used in RA and can cause reactivation TB?
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TNF alpha inhibitors...adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab
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measure of NEW cases diagnosed in a given period of time?
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incidence
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Measur of total cases at a particular point in time?
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prevalence
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Any tx that prolongs life but does not cure the disease has what affect on prevalance and incidence?
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increases prevalance....no change in incidence
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What is the relationship between prevalance and incidence?
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prev=incidence X disease duration
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Increases vagal tone and can be used to abolish palpitations?
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valsalva maneuver
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Muscle used to increase intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure during the valsalva maneuver?
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rectus abdominis muscle
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These are carrier proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin?
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neurophysins
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DO resulting in insufficient release of ADH?
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diabetes insipidus
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What hormone decreases the production of all GI hormones?
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somatostatin
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Pancreatic islet cell tumor that causes excess VIP secretion and excess diarrhea?
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VIPoma
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GI hormone that inhibits gastric proton secretion and stimulates pancreatic bicarb and chloride secretion?
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VIP
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Rx for secretory diarrhea caused by a VIPoma?
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somatostatin
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airway trapping+decreased lung elastic recoil?
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COPD
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name the four lung volumes?
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IRV, TV, ERV, RV
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inspiratory capacity=
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IRV+TV
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Functional residual capacity=
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ERV+RV
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Vital capacity=
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IRV+TV+ERV...everything but the RV
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Total lung capacity=
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IRV+TV+ERV+RV
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What lung parameters are increased in obstructive lung disease?
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TLC, RV, FRC
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Enzymes that use Thiamine-B1 as a cofactor?
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pyruvate dh, alpha ketoglutarate dh, and transketolase
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How can thiamine deficiency be diagnosed?
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increases in RBC transketolase activity after giving thiamine
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Blocks the presynaptic exocytosis of acetylcholine vesicles?
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clostridium botulinum toxin
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Multinucleated giant cells
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HSV or VZV
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what are the normal arterial blood gas values for ph, PaO2, PaCO2, and HCO3-?
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PH-->7.35-7.45
PaO2--> 80-95 mmhg Pa CO2--> 35-45 mmhg HCO3---> 22-26 meq/L |
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Drugs that are best in contollling the inflammatory component of asthma over the long term?
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glucocorticoids....fluticasone
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Overdose of this class of drug can cause anticholinergic sxs...mimicking atropine toxicity?
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TCAs...amitryptyline
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In the lac operon, the repressor protein binds to what site?
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the operon
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Mutations in what two parts of the Lac operon would cause constitutive expression of the structural genes?
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mutations in the operator and repressor protein
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too much of this hormone can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal uterine bleeding?
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estrogen
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estrogen secreting primary ovarian tumors that cause endometrial hyperplasia and uterine bleeding?
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granulosa cell tumors
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Malignant ovarian tumor of germ cell origin...ovarian equivalent of testicular seminoma?
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dysgerminoma
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What is the sequence to understanding hypoxemia?
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FiO2--->PAO2--->PaO2-->SaO2
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Whay oxygen parameter is decreased in carbon monoxide poisoning?
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SaO2 is decreased
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What is the early sign of carbon monoxide poisoning?
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Headache
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classical finding in methemoglobinemia?
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chocolate colored blood
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Hallmark of reversible cell injury?
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cellular swelling
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Hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
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membrane damage
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Hallmark of cell death?
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loss of the nucleus
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Death of large groups of cells followed by acute inflammation?
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necrosis
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Caseous necrosis is a characteristic finding of what types of infections?
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TB or fungal infections
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calcification of damaged tissue with normal calcium-phosphate levels?
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dystrophic calcification
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calcification of normal tissue with elevated serum calcium and phosphate levels?
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metastatic calcification
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necrotic damage to blood vessel walls?
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fibrinoid necrosis
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elevated BP + proteinuria in pregnancy
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pre-eclampsia
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cell death not followed by inflammation
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apoptosis
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enzymes that mediate apoptosis?
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caspases
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mediator of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis that activates caspases?
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cytochrome C
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How do T cells undergo apoptosis during negative thymic selection in the thymus?
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FAS ligand binds the FAS death receptor (CD95) activating capases
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What chemicals are released from CD8+ T cells that cause apoptosis of virally infected cells?
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perforins and granzymes
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Name the 3 free radicals generated during oxidative phosporylation?
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superoxide-->hydrogen peroxide--->hydroxyl radical
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Name the enzymes that handle superoxide---->hydrogen peroxide--->hydroxyl radical?
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(1) SOD
(2) catalase (3) glutathione reductase |
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What is the histological consequence of carbon tetrachloride?
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fatty change in the liver
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What is the mechanism of fatty liver change seen with exposure to carbon tetrachloride?
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decreased apolipoprotein synthesis
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Multiple misfolded proteins that deposit in the extracellular space causing damage to tissues?
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amyloid
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protein derived from Ig light chain and is associated with plasma cell dyscrasias?
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AL amyloid
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The most common organ involved in systemic amyloidosis?
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the kidney
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A beta amyloid is found in AD and is derived from what protein expressed on chromosome 21?
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Beta amyloid precursor protein
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TLR of MACS that recognizes LPS ( A PAMP) on the outer membrane of gram - bacteria?
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CD 14
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What transcription factor is activated by TLRs?
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NFKB
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Two factors that mediate pain?
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PGE2 and bradykinin
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These two factors upregulate E Selectin on endothelial cells?
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IL 1 and TNF
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Two components inside weibel palade bodies of endothelial cells?
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VWF and P selectin
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Selectins bind this molecule on leukocytes during rolling?
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sialyl lewis X
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LAD is a AR condition resulting in a defect of what molecule on leukocytes?
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integrins(CD18 subunit)
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Impaired phagolysosome formation + protein trafficking defect
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Chediak Higashi Syndrome
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Name the pathway to form bleach used in O2 dependant killing and the enzymes of each step?
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O2->superoxide->hydrogen peroxide->bleach
(1) NADPH (2) SOD (3) myeloperoxidase |
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defective conversion of hydrogen peroxide to bleach w/ a normal NBT test?
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myeloperoxidase deficiency
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Defining feature of a granuloma?
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epitheliod histiocyte
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Histologic hallmark of chron's disease and ulcerative colitis?
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chron's-> noncaseating granulomas
UC-> crypt abcesses |
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Steps involved in granuloma formation?
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(1) MACS present ag via MHC II to CD4+ T cells
(2) MACS secrete IL12-->CD4 differentiate into TH1 cells (3) TH1 cells secrete TNF alpha--> MACS turn into epitheliod histiocytes |
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Failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches to form due to a 22q11 deletion?
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digeorge syndrome
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Lack of thymus+hypocalcemia+abnormalities of the heart, great vessels and face
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digeorge syndrome
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Due to mutated CD40L on helper T cells= inability to class switch?
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Hyper IgM syndrome
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C5-C9 deficiencies
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neisseria infections
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MC injury associated SLE?
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diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
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Characteristic Ab in drug induced lupus?
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anti-histone abs
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Common drugs that cause drug induced lupus?
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hydralazine, procainamide, and isoniazid
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presents with dry eyes+ dry mouth+ recurrent cavities
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Sjogren syndrome
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What abs are present in Sjogren syndrome?
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anti-ribonucleoprotein abs
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Complication of sjogren's syndrome where pts present with unilateral enlargement of the parotid gland?
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B cell (marginal cell) lymphoma
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Anti-DNA topoisomerase I ab
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scleroderma
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What is CREST syndrome?
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(1) calcinosis/anti-centromere ab
(2)raynaud phenomenon (3)esophageal dysmotility (4) sclerodactyly (5) telangiectasias of the skin |
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What mineral is required for collagenase to replace type III w/ type I collagen to form a scar?
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zinc
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A keloid contains an excess of what tyoe of collagen?
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type III
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The only bacteria with a capsule made of protein?
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bacillus anthracis
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Part of the GI tract ALWAYS involved in hirschprung disease?
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rectum
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What are the clinical signs of cardiac tamponade?
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hyotension+Tachy+elevated CVP that produces JVD
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meningiococcal vaccine contains what component of the org?
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polysacharide capsule
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The two most important factors for osteoclastic differentiation?
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M-csf and RANKL
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Common locations where the ulner nerve can be damaged resulting in a "claw hand" deformity of the 4th and 5th digits?
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medial epicondyl of the humerus and the hook of the hamate
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Responsible for the variability seen in mitochondrial disease where some cells have more damaged mtDNA than others?
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heteroplasmy
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Selective inactivation of paternal or maternal alleles?
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genetic imprinting
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Refers to the increase in severity of genetic disorders in susequent generations
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anticipation
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How does lithium cause diabetes insipidus?
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blocks ADH receptors in the collecting ducts
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What are the hormones that cause serine kinase to P serine-threonine residues leading to insulin resistance?
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TNF alpha, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and glucagon
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