Boces Basic Nursing Chapter 15 : Organization Of The Human Body

Front 1

Define: anabolism

Back 1

it is the build up, assimilation, or cinversion of ingested substances.

Front 2

Define: anatomic poistion

Back 2

a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body

Front 3

Define: cilia

Back 3

Tiny, hair-like projections from a cell. In the respiratory tract, cilia beat constantly in order to move mucus and debris up and out of the respiratory tree, in order to protect the lung from infection or irritation by foreign bodies.

Front 4

Define: atom

Back 4

the smallest component of an element that retains the element's chemical properties. Atoms comprise molecules and are themselves divisible into electrons, neutrons, and protons

Front 5

Define: body cavity

Back 5

any of the spaces in the human body that contain organs. One major cavity, the thoracic cavity, is subdivided into a pericardial and two pleural cavities.

Front 6

Define: catabolism

Back 6

any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds, with release of energy. A process of metabolism that breaks down complex substances into simple ones

Front 7

Define: cell

Back 7

1. any of the protoplasmic masses making up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm enclosed in a cell or plasma membrane. It is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of living organisms. In some of the lower forms of life, such as bacteria, a morphological nucleus is absent, although nucleoproteins (and genes) are present.

Front 8

Define: cell membrane

Back 8

The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Also called cytomembrane, plasmalemma, plasma membrane

Front 9

Define: chemical change

Back 9

any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved

Front 10

Define: chromosome

Back 10

A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.

Front 11

Define: cytoplasm

Back 11

The protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell

Front 12

Define: diaphragm

Back 12

A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration. Also called midriff.

Front 13

Define: dorsal

Back 13

Anatomy Of, toward, on, in, or near the back or upper surface of an organ, part, or organism

Front 14

Define: element

Back 14

A fundamental, essential, or irreducible constituent of a composite entity.

Front 15

Define: enzyme

Back 15

Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as biochemical catalysts.

Front 16

Define: eponym

Back 16

A name of a drug, structure, or disease based on or derived from the name of a person.

Front 17

Define: frontal

Back 17

denoting a longitudinal plane of the body.

Front 18

Define: gene

Back 18

A hereditary unit that occupies a specific location on a chromosome, determines a particular characteristic in an organism by directing the formation of a specific protein, and is capable of replicating itself at each cell division.

Front 19

Define: homeostasis

Back 19

1. The ability or tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
2. The processes used to maintain such bodily equilibrium.

Front 20

Define: medical terminology

Back 20

a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner.

Front 21

Define: meiosis

Back 21

cell division occurring in maturation of sex cells, wherein, over two successive cell divisions, each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes typical of the somatic cells of the species, so that the gametes are haploid

Front 22

Define: membrane

Back 22

a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

Front 23

Define: metabolism

Back 23

the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism).

Front 24

Define: mitosis

Back 24

a method of indirect cell division in which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species

Front 25

Define: physiology

Back 25

1. the science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.
2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes.

Front 26

Define: mixture

Back 26

a combination of different drugs or ingredients, as a fluid with other fluids or solids, or of a solid with a liquid.

Front 27

Define: nucleus

Back 27

A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction

Front 28

Define: organ

Back 28

A differentiated part of the body that performs a specific function. A structural part of a system of the body that is composed of tissues and cells that enable it to perform a particular function, such as the liver, spleen, digestive organs, reproductive organs, or organs of special sense. Each one of the paired organs can function independently of the other.

Front 29

Define: pathophysiology

Back 29

1. The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.
2. The study of such changes. Also called physiopathology.

Front 30

Define: physical change

Back 30

a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition

Front 31

Define: plane

Back 31

a flat surface determined by the position of three points in space

Front 32

Define: plasma membrane

Back 32

the structure, composed of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell, forming a selectively permeable barrier.

Front 33

Define: platelet

Back 33

a small disk or platelike structure, the smallest of the formed elements in blood. Blood platelets (called also thrombocytes) are disk-shaped, non-nucleated blood elements with a very fragile membrane; they tend to adhere to uneven or damaged surfaces

Front 34

Define: protoplasm

Back 34

The complex, semifluid, translucent substance that constitutes the living matter of plant and animal cells and manifests the essential life functions of a cell. Composed of proteins, fats, and other molecules suspended in water, it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 35

Define: quadrant

Back 35

one of four corresponding parts, or quarters, as of the surface of the abdomen or of the field of vision.

Front 36

Define: sagittal

Back 36

situated in the direction of the sagittal suture; said of an anteroposterior plane or section parallel to the median plane of the body.

Front 37

Define: system

Back 37

A set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone.

Front 38

Define: tissue

Back 38

an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.

Front 39

Define: transverse

Back 39

extending from side to side; situated at right angles to the long axis of the body into upper and lower parts and are at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes.

Front 40

Define: ventral

Back 40

1. pertaining to the abdomen or to any venter.
2. directed toward or situated on the belly surface; opposite of dorsal.

Front 41

Acronyms: DNA

Back 41

deoxyribonucleic acid the nucleic acid in which the sugar is deoxyribose; composed also of phosphoric acid and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. It constitutes the primary genetic material of all cellular organisms and the DNA viruses and occurs predominantly in the nucleus, usually as a double helix (q.v.), where it serves as a template for synthesis of ribonucleic acid (transcription).

Front 42

Acronyms: LLQ

Back 42

left lower quadrant (of the abdomen)

Front 43

Acronyms: LUQ

Back 43

left upper quadrant (of the abdomen)

Front 44

Acronyms: RBC'S

Back 44

Red blood cell, erythrocyte

Front 45

Acronyms: RLQ

Back 45

right lower quadrant (of the abdomen)

Front 46

Acronyms: RNA

Back 46

a nucleic acid found in all living cells, constituting the genetic material in the RNA viruses, and playing a role in the flow of genetic information; it is a linear polymer which on hydrolysis yields adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, ribose, and phosphoric acid and which may contain extensive secondary structure.

Front 47

Acronyms: RUQ

Back 47

right upper quadrant (of the abdomen)

Front 48

Acronyms: WBC'S

Back 48

white blood cell (leukocyte); white blood (cell) count.

Front 49

Define: abdominopelvic

Back 49

pertaining to the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Front 50

Define: Cytology

Back 50

the study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology

Front 51

Define: mitochondria

Back 51

Spherical or rod shaped parts of the cell. Mitochondria contain genetic material (DNA and RNA) and are responsible for converting food to energy.

Front 52

Define: golgi aparatus

Back 52

the small membranous structures found in most cells, composed of various elements associated with the formation of carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and other substances. Also called
Golgi body or
Golgi complex.

Front 53

Define: Lysosomes

Back 53

the self-contained organelles found inside most cells, which contain hydrolytic enzymes that aid in intracellular digestion. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest.

Front 54

Define: Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 54

an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm; occurring in two types, rough-surfaced (granular r.), bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and smooth-surfaced

Front 55

Define: ribosomes

Back 55

any of the intracellular ribonucleoprotein particles concerned with protein synthesis; they consist of reversibly dissociable units and are found either bound to cell membranes or free in the cytoplasm. They may occur singly or occur in clusters (polyribosomes

Front 56

Define: Centrosomes

Back 56

a specialized area of condensed cytoplasm containing the centrioles and playing an important part in mitosis.

Front 57

Define: Nucleolus

Back 57

A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell, usually associated with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.

Front 58

Position: superior

Back 58

positioned toward the head or above the referent.

Front 59

Position: inferior

Back 59

a part of the body located below another; the opposite of

Front 60

Position: Cranial

Back 60

positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or
cephalic.

Front 61

Define: mitochondria

Back 61

Spherical or rod shaped parts of the cell. Mitochondria contain genetic material (DNA and RNA) and are responsible for converting food to energy.

Front 62

Define: golgi aparatus

Back 62

the small membranous structures found in most cells, composed of various elements associated with the formation of carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, and other substances. Also called
Golgi body or
Golgi complex.

Front 63

Define: Lysosomes

Back 63

the self-contained organelles found inside most cells, which contain hydrolytic enzymes that aid in intracellular digestion. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest.

Front 64

Define: Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 64

an ultramicroscopic organelle of nearly all higher plant and animal cells, consisting of a system of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm; occurring in two types, rough-surfaced (granular r.), bearing large numbers of ribosomes on its outer surface, and smooth-surfaced

Front 65

Define: ribosomes

Back 65

any of the intracellular ribonucleoprotein particles concerned with protein synthesis; they consist of reversibly dissociable units and are found either bound to cell membranes or free in the cytoplasm. They may occur singly or occur in clusters (polyribosomes

Front 66

Define: Centrosomes

Back 66

a specialized area of condensed cytoplasm containing the centrioles and playing an important part in mitosis.

Front 67

Define: Nucleolus

Back 67

A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell, usually associated with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.

Front 68

Position: superior

Back 68

positioned toward the head or above the referent. Also called
cranial or

Front 69

Position: inferior

Back 69

a part of the body located below another; the opposite of

Front 70

Position: Cranial

Back 70

positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or
cephalic.

Front 71

Position: Superior

Back 71

situated above or oriented toward a higher place, as the head is superior to the torso

Front 72

Position: Inferior

Back 72

situated below a given point of reference, as the feet are inferior to the legs.

Front 73

Position: Cranial

Back 73

positioned over or toward the cranium. Also called
superior or
cephalic.

Front 74

Position: Caudal

Back 74

situated more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified reference point; toward the inferior (in humans) or posterior (in animals) end of the body.

Front 75

Position: Anterior or Ventral

Back 75

situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior. In quadrupeds the use of the term is limited to parts of the head but is often used to mean cranially. In bipeds such as humans it is synonymous with ventral.

Front 76

Position: Posterior or Dorsal

Back 76

directed toward or situated at the back; opposite of anterior. In quadrupeds usually applied only to parts of the head.

Front 77

Position: Medial

Back 77

situated toward the median plane or midline of the body or a structure.

Front 78

Position: Lateral

Back 78

1. Relating to or situated at or on the side.
2. Situated or extending away from the median plane of the body.
3. Relating to the left or right lateral region of the abdomen.

Front 79

Position: External

Back 79

situated or occurring on the outside. In anatomy, situated toward or near the outside; lateral.

Front 80

Position: Proximal

Back 80

nearest to a point of reference, as to a center or median line or to the point of attachment or origin.

Front 81

Position: Distal

Back 81

Anatomically located far from a point of reference, such as an origin or a point of attachment.

Front 82

Position: Central

Back 82

situated at or pertaining to a center; not peripheral.

Front 83

Position: Peripheral

Back 83

Of or relating to the surface or outer part of a body or organ; external.
Of, relating to, or being part of the peripheral nervous system.

Front 84

Position: Parietal

Back 84

1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity.
2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone.

Front 85

Position: Visceral

Back 85

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs in the abdominal cavity

Front 86

Position: Supine

Back 86

1. Lying on the back; having the face upward.
2. Having the palm of the hand or sole of the foot upward.

Front 87

Position: Prone

Back 87

Lying with the front or face downward.

Front 88

Position: Deep

Back 88

situated far beneath the surface; not superficial.

Front 89

Position: Superficial

Back 89

1. Of, affecting, or being on or near the surface.
2. Not thorough.

Front 90

Tissue: Epithelial

Back 90

pertaining to or involving the outer layer of the skin. A general name for tissues not derived from the mesoderm

Front 91

Tissue: Connective

Back 91

The tissue that binds together and is the ground substance of the various parts and organs of the body

Front 92

Tissue: Muscle

Back 92

the substance of muscle, consisting of muscle fibers, muscle cells, connective tissue, and extracellular material.

Front 93

Tissue: Nerve

Back 93

the specialized tissue making up the central and peripheral nervous systems, consisting of neurons with their processes, other specialized or supporting cells, and extracellular material.

Front 94

Define: avascular

Back 94

Not associated with or supplied by blood vessels

Front 95

Define: diffusion

Back 95

1. the process of becoming diffused, or widely spread.
2. the spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system.

Front 96

Define: Stratified

Back 96

formed or arranged in layers.

Front 97

Define: Squamous

Back 97

scaly or platelike.

Front 98

Define: Transitional epithelium

Back 98

that characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium

Front 99

Define: Ciliated epithelium

Back 99

that bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface

Front 100

Tissue: Areolar

Back 100

connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers

Front 101

Tissue: fibrous tissue

Back 101

the common connective tissue of the body, composed of yellow or white parallel fibers

Front 102

Tissue: elastic tissue

Back 102

connective tissue made up of yellow elastic fibers, frequently massed into sheets.

Front 103

Tissue: adipose tissue

Back 103

connective tissue made of fat cells in meshwork of areolar tissue

Front 104

Membranes: mucous

Back 104

the membrane lining various canals and cavities of the body

Front 105

Membranes: serous

Back 105

a general term for a membrane or other structure covering or lining a body part or organ

Front 106

Membranes: parietal

Back 106

1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity.
2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone.

Front 107

Membranes: Skeletal

Back 107

are connective tissue membranes that cover bones and cartilage

Front 108

Membranes: synovial

Back 108

1. the inner of the two layers of the articular capsule of a synovial joint, composed of loose connective tissue and having a free smooth surface that lines the joint cavity.
2. either of two membranes, superior and inferior, lining the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint.

Front 109

Membranes: Fascial

Back 109

are sheets of tissues that hold organs in place

Front 110

Organs and Systems: Organ

Back 110

a somewhat independent body part that performs a special function.

Front 111

Organs and Systems: system

Back 111

1. a set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone.

Front 112

Organs and Systems: integumentary

Back 112

The bodily system consisting of the skin and its associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Front 113

Organs and Systems: Musculoskeletal

Back 113

all of the muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as the tendons and connective tissue, that function in the movement of body parts and organs

Front 114

Organs and Systems: Nervous

Back 114

the organ system which, along with the endocrine system, correlates the adjustments and reactions of the organism to its internal and external environment, comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Front 115

Organs and Systems: endocrine

Back 115

the glands and other structures that elaborate and secrete hormones that are released directly into the circulatory system, influencing metabolism and other body processes; included are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, pineal body, gonads, pancreas, and paraganglia.

Front 116

Organs and Systems: cardiovascular

Back 116

the heart and blood vessels, by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.

Front 117

Organs and Systems: lymphatic

Back 117

the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue, considered collectively

Front 118

Organs and Systems: immunologic

Back 118

a complex system of cellular and molecular components having the primary functions of distinguishing self from not self and of defense against foreign organisms or substances

Front 119

Organs and Systems: respiratory

Back 119

respiratory tract; the tubular and cavernous organs that allow atmospheric air to reach the membranes across which gases are exchanged with the blood

Front 120

Organs and Systems: digestive

Back 120

the organs concerned with ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food or nutritional elements.

Front 121

Organs and Systems: urinary

Back 121

the organs and passageways concerned with the production and excretion of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.