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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Odds ratio formula
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ad/bc
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Relative risk formula
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[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
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Number Needed to Treat
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1/AAR
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AAR = placebo event rate - treated event rate
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Aschoff bodies
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granuloma with giant cells
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Rheumatic fever
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Anitschkow's cells
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activated histiocytes
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Rheumatic fever
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Cardiac output formula
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stroke volume x heart rate
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O2 consumption / (arterial O2 consumption - venous O2 consumption)
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Mean arterial pressure
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CO x TPR
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2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic`
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Ejection fraction
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EDV-ESV / EDV
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S1
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mitral and tricuspid closure
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heard best at mitral area
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S2
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aortic and pulmonary closure
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heard best at LSB
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Stellate mesenchymal cells with a myxoid background
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Myxoma
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MC in LA - ball-valve obstruction
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MC primary cardiac tumor in children
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Rhabdomyoma
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a/w tuberous sclerosis
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Kussmaul's sign
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Increase in JVD on inspiration
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"tree bark" appearance of the aorta
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Tertiary syphilis
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invades the vasa vasorum --> dilation of aorta & valve ring
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Unilateral headache, jaw claudication & visual disturbances
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Temporal arteritis
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a/w polymyalgia rheumatica (prox. muscle pain/weakness)
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Granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and proximal great vessels
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Takayasu's arteritis
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"pulseless disease" & visual loss
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Polyarteritis nodosa
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"beads on a string" - aneurysms & constrictions
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IM complex mediated - transmural w/fibrinoid necrosis - lesions of different ages
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Buerger's disease
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Rapidly progressive thrombosing vasculitis
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Male smoker ---> gangrene
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Churg-strauss
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Asthma w/eosinophilia
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p-ANCA
palpable purpura |
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Sturge-Weber
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Port wine stain
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IL leptomeningeal angiomatosis (AVM)
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Bacillary angiomatosis
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skin papules found in AIDS pts
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Bartonella henselae
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Congenital methmoglobinemia
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Def of NADH cytochrome reductase
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Tx - methylene blue & vit C
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HLA-B27
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Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reiter's Syndrome |
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HLA-DR3
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DM 1
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HLA-DR4
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Rheumatoid arthritis
DM 1 |
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C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
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Hereditary Angioedema
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ACEi are contraindicated
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C5-C8 deficiencies
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Recurrent Neisseria bacteremia
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DAF deficiency
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Complement-mediated lysis of RBC
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) |
DAF is a GPI anchored enzyme
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Live Attenuated Vaccines
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MMR
Sabin - polio Varicella Yellow fever |
Cellular immunity
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Inactivated/Killed Vaccines
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Cholera
Influenza Salk - polio Rabies |
Humoral immunity
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t(9;22)
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CML
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bcr-abl
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t(8;14)
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Burkitt's Lymphoma
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c-myc activation
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t(14;18)
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Follicular Lymphoma
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bcl-2 activation
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t(15;17)
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M3 type of AML
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responsive to all-trans retinoic acid (Vit A)
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t(11;22)
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Ewing's Sarcoma
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t(11;14)
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Mantle Cell Lymphoma
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Picornaviruses
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Poliovirus
Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV |
SS+ linear Icosahedral
Naked |
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Flavivirus
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HCV
Yellow fever Dengue St. Louis Encephalitis West Nile Virus |
SS+ linear Icosahedral
Enveloped |
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Togavirus
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Rubella
Eastern & Western Equine Encephalitis |
SS+ linear Icosahedral
Enveloped |
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Retrovirus
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HIV
HTLV |
SS+ linear
HIV - complex & conical HTLV - Icosahedral Enveloped |
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Paramyxovirus
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Parainfluenza (croup)
RSV Rubeola (measles) Mumps |
SS- linear
Nonsegmented Helical Enveloped |
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Arenavirus
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LCMV
Lassa fever encephalitis |
SS- circular
2 segments Helical Enveloped |
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Bunyavirus
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California encephalitis
Sandfly/Rift Valley Fever Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus |
SS- circular
3 segments Helical Enveloped |
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Negative stranded viruses
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Arenavirus
Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus |
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
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Segmented viruses
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Bunyavirus
Orthomyxovirus Arenavirus Reovirus |
BOAR
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Polymyalgia Rheumatica
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Proximal muscle pain w/o proximal muscle weakness
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Increased ESR, nl CK
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Polymyositis
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Prog, symmetrical prox muscle weakness
CD8 T-cell myofiber injury Endomysial inflammation |
MC shoulders
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Dermatomyositis
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Polymyositis w/malar rash, Gottron's papules, heliotrope rash, shawl and face rash, mechanics hands
Perifascicular atrophy |
Increased risk of colon & ovarian cancer
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Hormones that use cAMP
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FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, Calcitonin, GHRH, Glucagon
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FLAT CHAMP
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Hormones that use cGMP
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ANP, NO
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VasoD
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Hormones that use IP3
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GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine, Ang II, Gastrin
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GOAT HAG
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Hormones that use cystolic steroid Rc
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Vit D, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone
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VET CAP
Adrenal hormones + Vit D |
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Hormones that use nuclear steroid Rc
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T3, T4
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Hormones that use Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase (MAP kinase) Pathway
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Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF
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Growth factors
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Hormones that use Rc-assoc tyrosine kinase (JAK/STAT) Pathway
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Prolactin, GH, Cytokines (IL)
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PIG
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Wolff-Chaikoff Effect
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Transient decrease in T3/T4 due to excess ingestion of iodine which inhibits iodine pump activity
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Structures of neuroectoderm origin
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CNS neurons (brain & SC)
Ependymal cells Oligodendroglia Astrocytes |
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Wallerian degeneration
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Neuronal degeneration distally & Axonal reaction proximally (cellular swelling, dispersal of Nissl substance)
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Astrocyte marker
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GFAP
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Meissner's corpuscles
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In hairless skin
For position sense, fine touch Adapt quickly |
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Pacinian corpuscles
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Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
For vibration, pressure |
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Merkel's disks
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In hair follicles
For position sense, static touch (edges) Adapt slowly |
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NE
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Increased in anxiety
Decreased in depression |
Locus ceruleus
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Dopamine
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Increased in schizophrenia
Decreased in Parkinson's & depression |
Ventral tegmentum & SNc
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5-HT
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Decreased in depression & anxiety
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Raphe nucleus
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Ach
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Increased in REM sleep
Decreased in Alzheimer's, Huntington's |
Basal nucleus of Meynert
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GABA
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Decreased in anxiety & Huntington's
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Nucleus accumbens
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Release from the posterior pituitary
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ADH - from supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin - from paraventricular nucleus |
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Hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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Lesion of the amygdala
a/w HSV-1 |
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Disinhibition and defects in concentration, orientation and judgement - may have reemergence of primitive reflexes
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Frontal lobe lesion
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Agnosia of the CL side of the world
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Spatial Neglect Synd
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Right parietal lobe lesion
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Reduced levels of arousal & wakefulness (coma)
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Reticular activating system lesion (midbrain)
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Confusion, ophthalmolpegia, ataxia, memory loss, confabulation, personality changes
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Synd
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Mammillary body lesion
Secondary to thiamine def (usually d/t increased alcohol consumption) |
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Tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis
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Huntington's
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Basal ganglia lesion
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Intention tremor, limb ataxia, fall to the IL side
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Lesion to the cerebellar hemisphere
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Truncal ataxia, dysarthria (slurred speech)
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Cerebellar vermis lesion
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CL hemiballismus
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Subthalamic nucleus lesion
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Anterograde amnesia (can't make new memories)
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Hippocampus lesion
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Eyes look away from side of lesion
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Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) lesion
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Eyes look toward lesion
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Frontal eye field lesion
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Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness
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Central Pontine Myelinolysis
- Rapid correction of hyponatremia |
MRI with abnl increased signal in the pons
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Gram negative coccobaccili
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H. influ
B. pertussis Brucella F.tularensis Pasturella Legionella |
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Gran negative cocci
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N. gonorrhae (glucose +)
N. meningitidis (maltose & glucose +) |
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Gram negative bacilli - Lactose +
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Fast fermenters:
Klebsiella E. Coli Enterbacter |
Slow fermenters:
Citrobacter Serratia |
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Gram negative bacilli - Lactose -
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Oxidase positive:
V. cholera (glucose +) P. aeruginosa Anaerobe - B. fragilis |
Oxidase negative:
P. mirabilis (urease +) H. pylori (urease +) Y. pestis, enterocolitica Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella |
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Perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
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Hallucinations
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Perceiving external stimuli as something they are not
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Illusions
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False beliefs about oneself or others that persist despite the facts
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Delusions
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Disorders in the form of thought (the way ideas are tied together)
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Loose associations
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Olfactory hallucinations
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Aura of psychomotor epilepsy
Brain tumors |
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Tactile hallucinations
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Alcohol withdrawal
Cocaine abusers |
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Hypnagogic hallucinations
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While GOing to sleep
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Hypnopompic hallucinations
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Occurs while waking from sleep
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Patient projects feelings on to doctor
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Transference
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Doctor projects feelings on to patient
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Countertransference
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