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1040 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ouabain
|
Na K ATP ase sensitive to it
|
|
|
stimulation of phosphofructokinase activity
|
increased glycolysis
accumulation of lactate decreased pH |
|
|
Enzymes for diagnosing MI
|
AST
LDH CK = CPK |
|
|
Liver enzymes
|
AST
ALT GGT |
|
|
most sensitive cells to hypoxic injury
|
neurons (3-5 minutes)
|
|
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reperfusion after ischemic injury can generate
|
free radicals
|
|
|
intracellular enzymes that degrade free radicals
|
glutathione peroxidase
catalase superoxide dismutase |
|
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antioxidant vitams
|
ACE
|
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disaggregation of ribosomes in liver
|
lipid peroxidation of intracellular membranes by CCl4 causes this and it in turns leads to fatty change and eventually to plasma membrane damage and cell death
|
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organs with coagulative necrosis
|
heart
kidney |
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organs wtih liquefactive necrosis
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brain
|
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caseous necrosis
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TB granulomas
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necrosis with eosinophilia
|
coagulative
caseous |
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gangenous necrosis organs
|
lower etremity or bowel
|
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fibrinoid necrosis
|
imimune mediated vasculitis
|
|
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chromatin clumbing and shrinking with increased basophilia
|
pyknosis
|
|
|
fragmentation of chromatin
|
karyorrhexis
|
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|
fading of chromatin
|
karyolysis
|
|
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wet vs dry gangrene
|
wet associated with liquefactive;
dry associated with coagulative necrosis without liquefaction |
|
|
dying cells; laddered pattern
|
apoptosis
|
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dying cells with inflammatory reaction
|
necrosis not apoptosis
|
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blebbing
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
Councilman bodies
|
apoptosis in viral hepatitis
|
|
|
Caspase 10, 8, 3 7
|
extrinsic pathway by Fas ligand, trail, tnf
|
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caspse 9
|
intrinsic pathway
|
|
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what kind of proteins are caspases
|
aspartate-specific serine proteases
|
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granzyme B
|
activates cytotoxic T and initiates caspase cascade
|
|
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hemosiderin
|
ferritin
|
|
|
prussian blue
|
hemosiderin
|
|
|
micronodular cirrhosis
diabetes mellitus skin pigmentation |
bronze diabetes of hemochromatosis
|
|
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increased serum iron
decreased total iron binding capacity |
hemochromatosis
|
|
|
brown atrophy
|
lipofuscin
old people |
|
|
induction of selectins
|
IL-1
TNF |
|
|
Weibel-Palade bodies
|
store P selectins
|
|
|
Sialyl Lewis bodies X
|
on leukocytes
E and P selectins bind them |
|
|
L selectins
|
on neutrophiLs
|
|
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E selectins
|
on endothelial cells
|
|
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P selectins
|
on endothelial cells
|
|
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commonalty among:
TB, brucellosis, typhus, salmonella |
monocytosis
|
|
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basophilia
|
CML
myeloproliferative diseases |
|
|
eosinophilia
|
alleries
parasitic PAN Hodgkins |
|
|
selectins and sialyl lewis
|
rolling
|
|
|
Integrins (LFA, VLA)
ICAM, VCAM |
adhesion
|
|
|
PECAM (CD31)
|
diapedesis
|
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C5a
|
neutrophil chemotaxis
|
|
|
HETE
|
neutrophil chemotaxis
|
|
|
kallikrein
|
neutrophil chemotaxis
|
|
|
formylated peptirdes
|
bacterial products of e coli
chemotactic for neutrophils |
|
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LTB4
|
neutrophil chemotaxis
|
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PAF
|
from basophils, masts
eosinophil chemotaxis |
|
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fibronectin
|
ECM protein
chemotactic for fibroblasts and endothelials |
|
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IgG and C3b
|
opsonization
|
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HMPshunt
|
oxygen-dependent mircorbial killing initated by phagocytosis
|
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halide ion
|
promotes H2O2 oxidation and killing
myeloperoxidase-halide system of bacterial killing |
|
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PAF
|
platelet release of histamine and serotonin
activates AA = AGEPC |
|
|
TXA2 vs PGI2
|
TXA vasoconstricts and aggregates platelets
PGI2 does the opposite |
|
|
HPETE
|
product of lipoxygenase pathway
results in HETE, leukotrienes, lipoxins |
|
|
acute phase proteins
|
CRP
serum amyloid-associated protein complement components fibrinogen prothrombin alha 1 antitrypsin alpha 2 macroblobulin ferritin ceruloplasmin |
|
|
Hageman factor
|
XII
initiates Kinin system and intrinsic pathway links kinin, coagulating, plasminogen and complement systems!!! |
|
|
kinin system
|
activates complement cascade
|
|
|
bradyknin
|
vascular permeability
arteriolar dilation pain |
|
|
EDRF
|
NO
|
|
|
catalase + vs - organisms in context of CGD
|
positives are ingested but not killed (as CGD would predict)
negatives kill themselves by producing just the H2O2 needed by the phagocytes that ingest them |
|
|
neutropenia
albinism cranial and peripheral neuropathy tendency for repeated infections |
Chediak-Higashi
WBC abnormality abnormal microtubule formation |
|
|
large cytoplasmic granules in granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes
large abnormal melanosomes in melanocytes |
Checiak-Higashi
|
|
|
imparied lysosome fusion
|
Chediak-Higashi
|
|
|
LAD I
|
Adhesion problem
integrin deficiency If you adhere you are 1 |
|
|
LAD 2
|
Sialyl lewis deficiency because of mutated fuxosyltransferase gene
Rolling problem It takes 2 to roll |
|
|
noncaseating pulmonary granulomas
|
sarcoidosis
|
|
|
langhans giant cell
|
TB
|
|
|
blasto
histo cociidioides |
granulomatous fungi
|
|
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prtmsnrny vrlld
|
neurons (ha!)
yocardial cell |
|
|
PDGF
|
collagen via stimulating fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
|
|
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EGF
|
fibroblasts and endothelial cells
|
|
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FGF
|
fibronectin
|
|
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red infarct locations
|
lungs and GI tract
|
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PGI2
|
Inhibits platelet aggregation
PGI - IGP Inhibits Gregation of Platelets |
|
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thrombomodulin
|
activates protein C
|
|
|
Activated protein C (APC)
|
cleaves Va and VIIIa
activated by K |
|
|
factor V leiden
|
hereditary thrombohpilia (most comon variant)
Factor V can't be activated by Protein C |
|
|
resistance to APC (activated protein c)
|
factor V leiden
|
|
|
deficiencies in Antithrombin III
protein C protein S |
hereditary thrombophilia
APC - factor V leidein associated |
|
|
methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
|
if mutated, increase in homocystein
|
|
|
antiphospholipid antibody
lupus anticoagulant |
can be associated wtih SLE
|
|
|
fasle positive for syphilis
|
anticardiolipin antibody
|
|
|
prothrombotic and antithrombotic disorder
|
DIC
|
|
|
lines of Zahn
|
arterial thrombi
lines of zArterial tHrombi |
|
|
dark red thrombi with no/weak lines of Zahn
|
venous thrombi/phelbothrombosis
|
|
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currant jelly appearance of clots
|
postmortem
(in cell-rich lower layer) currants are not current! |
|
|
chicken fat appearance in clots
|
postmortem
(in cell-poor upper layer) he was chicken and got killed |
|
|
choromosomal disorder with male hypogonadism
|
klinefelter
prader willi |
|
|
typical cause of klinefelters
|
materanal meiotic nondisjunction
|
|
|
Fragile x results from a defect on...
|
the long arm of the X chromosome, in which carriers have increased CGG repeats in the FMR-1 gene
|
|
|
Mormon from utah with telangiectasias of skin and mucous membranes, with recurrent hemorrhage from these lesions
|
Osler-Weber-Rendu
|
|
|
pigmented iris hamartomas
|
Lisch nodules in Nerofibromatosis
|
|
|
a functional NF1 gene codes for
|
a GTPase-activating protein that facilitates the conversion of active ras-GTP to inactive ras-GDP
|
|
|
adenoma sebaceum
|
tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
renal angiomyolipomas associated with...
renal cell carcinoma associated with... |
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau |
|
|
Von Gierke disease deficient enzyme
|
g6P
|
|
|
pompe disease deficient enzyme
|
alpha 1,4 glucosidase
|
|
|
Cori disease defieicent enzyme
|
amylo 1,6 glucosidase
|
|
|
McArdle deficient enzyme
|
muscle phosphorylase
|
|
|
galactosemia defieicnet enzyme
|
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
|
|
|
phenylketonuria deficient enzyme
|
phenylalanine hydroxylase
|
|
|
hepatosplenomegaly
erosion of the femoral head and of the long bones mild anemia |
adult Gaucher disease
|
|
|
inheritance of Hurler and Hundter
|
Hurler is AR
Hunter is X linked |
|
|
disease that involves a codon deletion
|
CF
|
|
|
mural thrombi in left atrium are associated especially with
|
mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation
|
|
|
mural thrombi in the left ventricle are caused by
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
cause of fat emboli
|
partlcle sof bone marrow and other fatty intraosseous issue that enter circulation as a result of sever (often multiple) fractures
|
|
|
kind of emboli in divers' decompression sickness
|
air emboli
|
|
|
infarcts in divers going through decompression sicknesss
|
Caisson
|
|
|
anasarca
|
generalized edema
|
|
|
transudate vs exudate
|
transudate has low protein and results from pressures
exudate is caused by inflammation and the resulting increased vascular permeability |
|
|
where are t cells in the spleen
|
periarteriolar sheaths
|
|
|
which complement pathway is initiated by antibody xomplexes
|
classic
|
|
|
what do the following have in common:
- warm antibody autoimmune hymolytic anemia - hemolytic transfusion reactions - hemolytic disease of the newborn - Goodpastures |
all are type II hypersensitivity reactions mediated by complement-fixing antibodies
|
|
|
what kind of hypersensitivity reactionis ADCC
|
type II
|
|
|
is complement involved in ADCC
|
no
|
|
|
type of hypersensitivyt in Graves disease
|
II (Two Thyroid)
anti-receptor antibodies bind with the receptor |
|
|
serum sickness - what type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
SLE - what type of hypersensitivity?
|
III
|
|
|
Arthus reaction - what type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
localized immune complex reaction that occurs when exogenous antigen is introduced, either by injection or by organ transplant, in the presence of an excess of preformed antibodies
|
Arthus reaction
|
|
|
PAN- type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
type of reaction in hyperacute transplant
|
Arthus, type II hypersensitivity
|
|
|
type of hypersensitivity in Acute (days to weeks) rejection
|
T cell mediated Type IV
|
|
|
cause of chronic transplant rejection
|
antibody mediate vascular damage featuring marked vascular fibrointimal proliferation
|
|
|
in what kind of transplant do we especially see graft vs host disease
|
bone marrow
whole blood transfusion for SCID |
|
|
main target organs fo GVHD
|
liver
skin GI mucosa |
|
|
serum sickness - what type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
SLE - what type of hypersensitivity?
|
III
|
|
|
Arthus reaction - what type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
localized immune complex reaction that occurs when exogenous antigen is introduced, either by injection or by organ transplant, in the presence of an excess of preformed antibodies
|
Arthus reaction
|
|
|
PAN- type of hypersensitivity
|
III
|
|
|
type of reaction in hyperacute transplant
|
Arthus, type II hypersensitivity
|
|
|
type of hypersensitivity in Acute (days to weeks) rejection
|
T cell mediated Type IV
|
|
|
cause of chronic transplant rejection
|
antibody mediate vascular damage featuring marked vascular fibrointimal proliferation
|
|
|
in what kind of transplant do we especially see graft vs host disease
|
bone marrow
whole blood transfusion for SCID |
|
|
main target organs fo GVHD
|
liver
skin GI mucosa |
|
|
btk gene
|
Bruton's x-linked agammaglobulinemia
|
|
|
recurrent viral and fungal infections
tetany |
DiGeorge
|
|
|
CATCH22
cardiac defects abnormal facies thymic hypoplasia cleft palate hypocalcemia 22nd chromosome microdeletion |
DiGeorge
|
|
|
type of immune cells affected in SCID
|
B and T
|
|
|
eczema
thrombocytopenia recurrent infections poor antibody response to polysaccharide antigens normal total immunoglobulins |
Wiskott Aldrich, which is a platelet disorder
|
|
|
why does HIV have an affinity for CD4 cells
|
because it has a surface rptoein, gp120 that binds with the CD4 on T cell surface
|
|
|
which people have resistance to some HIV strains
|
people who are homozygous for CCR5
CCR five keeps you alive |
|
|
tests for HIV
|
ELISA
Western blot direct assessment of viral RNA |
|
|
why do AIDS patients often have hypergammaglobulinemia
|
unexpected polyclonal B cell activation
|
|
|
HIV positive patients demonstrate seropositivity very quickly to
|
gp120
p24 |
|
|
HLA DR5
|
Hashimoto's (also B5)
|
|
|
HLA B5
|
Hashimotos (also DR5)
|
|
|
HLA DR3
|
DM II (also DR4)
|
|
|
HLA DR4
|
DM II (also DR3)
|
|
|
ANA test with a "rim" pattern seen
|
positive dsDNA test, which means SLE
|
|
|
Smith antigen
|
rionucleoprotein
specific for SLE |
|
|
immune complexes at dermal-epidermal junction
|
SLE
|
|
|
why do SLE patients have false-positive tests for syphilis
|
becuase of anticardiolipis, a form of anti-phospholipid antibody
|
|
|
CREST symptoms
|
Calcinosis
Raynauds Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
|
|
xerostomia and keratoconjunctivities with no other Sjogren's symptoms
|
Sicca syndrome
you ain't sicca than Sjogren! |
|
|
reddish-purple rash over exposed areas of face and neck
|
dermatomyositis
|
|
|
skin rash associated with malignancy
|
dermatomyositis
|
|
|
increased serum creatine kinase
rash on exposed areas ANAs present usually |
polymyositis (including dermatomyositis)
|
|
|
high-titer anti-nRNP
|
MCTD
mixed connective tissue disease like SLE, scleroderma, etc but NO RENAL INVOLVEMENT |
|
|
segmental fibrinoid necrosis in walls of small and medium arteries, usually of men
|
PAN
|
|
|
vasculitis that may be associated with Hb B antigen, sulfonamides and penicillin
|
PAN
|
|
|
amyloid in primary amyloidosis
|
AL (light chain)
|
|
|
primary amyloidosis is often assocated with what kind of disorders
|
plasm cell:
- multiple myeloma - Waldenstrom macroblobulinemia |
|
|
lymphoma with IgM and plasma cells involved, and often primary amyloidosis
|
Waldenstrom
|
|
|
AA
|
amyloid of seconary amyloidosis, which is typically a complication of chronic inflammatory disease
|
|
|
polyserositis
episodic fever amyloid (AA) |
Familial Mediterranean fever
|
|
|
amyloid in Alzheimers
|
A4 or amyloid beta
|
|
|
which kind o f amyloid is on chromosome 21
|
A4 = beta (Alzheimers)
|
|
|
amyloid that deposits in the heart
|
derived from tranthyretin
|
|
|
dialysis amyloid
|
derived from beta microglobulin
|
|
|
what's HUMARA used for (human androgen receptor gene)
|
most common marker for determining clonality
|
|
|
cancer with cushings
|
SCLC
|
|
|
cancer with SIADH
|
SCLC
|
|
|
cancer with hypercalcemia
|
bone
squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma multiple myeloma |
|
|
cancer with hypoglycemia
|
hepatocellular carcinomas
mesotheliomas some sarcomas |
|
|
cancers with hyperthyroidism
|
hydatidiform moles
choriocarcinomas some lung |
|
|
skin lesions associated with malignancies
|
acanthosis nigricans
dermatomyositis |
|
|
cancr associated with coagulation abnormalities
|
Trousseau (pancreas)
DIC is associated with various |
|
|
cancer associated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
|
colon
|
|
|
cancer associated with alpha fetoprotein
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
may germ cell tumors fetal anencephaly and neural tube defects also |
|
|
cancers associated with alcohol
|
carcinoma of mouth and esophagus (especially with cigarette smoking)
hepatocellular carcionma |
|
|
high gat diet associated with which cancer
|
breast carcinoma
|
|
|
why do aniline dyes, aromatic amines, beta naphthylamine cause transitional cell carcionoma of bladder
|
bladder mucosal glucurnidase detoxifies them eand makes them carcinogens
|
|
|
cancer associated with aflatoxin B1
|
hepatocellular
|
|
|
cancer associated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
|
hepatic hemangiosarcoma (angiosarcoma)
|
|
|
cancer associated with thorotrast
|
hepatic hemangiosarcoma (angiosarcoma)
|
|
|
cancers associated with nickel, chromium, uranium
|
carcinoma of lung
|
|
|
h pylori is related to
|
adenocarcinoma and B cell lymphomas of stomach
|
|
|
radium watch dial workers get
|
osteosarcom
|
|
|
radiologists get
|
skin cancer
myeloid leukemias |
|
|
carcinogenic form of hepatitis
|
HBV
|
|
|
what is c myc
|
proto-oncogene
|
|
|
what is bcl-2
|
inhibits apoptosis
|
|
|
what is bcr-abl?
|
TK
|
|
|
what is created by the t(15;17)
|
retinoic acid receptor that can be treated with all trans retinoic acid
|
|
|
what do N-myc and c-erbB2 have in common
|
marked amplification
|
|
|
what is Rb
|
tumor suppressor
|
|
|
what is WT-1
|
tumor suppressor
|
|
|
what is WT-2
|
tumor suppressor
|
|
|
what is APC
|
tumor suppressor
|
|
|
what is BRCA-1
|
tumor suppressor (bereast and ovarian cancer)
|
|
|
iris hamartomas
|
NF1, von Recklinghausen
|
|
|
what is NF1
|
tumor suppressor (a GAP protein that inactivates ras)
|
|
|
what is ret
|
proto-oncogene
associated with MEN, so check for thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
familial right sided colorectal carcionomas
|
HNPCC, ynch
|
|
|
second degree burns damage?
|
dermis, slightly
|
|
|
which degree burns require intervention to heal
|
third
|
|
|
bug that infects burn patients
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
radiation causes what kinds of leukemias
|
myeloid, not lymphoid
|
|
|
cancers caused by localized radiation
|
myeloid leukemias
skin thyroid lung breast |
|
|
drug abuse associated with seizures
|
cocain
|
|
|
damage caused by methanol
|
blindness (via formaldehyde and formic acid)
|
|
|
what does CCl4 induce?
|
cCentriLobular ncrosis and fatty change in liver
|
|
|
what does cyanide inhibit
|
cytochrome oxidase
|
|
|
anemia caused by lead toxicity
|
hypochromic microcytic
|
|
|
what does lead inhibit
|
ALA dehydratase and ferrochetelase (sp?)
|
|
|
waht is an environmental cause of fanconi
|
lead
|
|
|
what part of the kidney does Fanconi affect
|
proximal renal tubule
|
|
|
what substance makes epiphyses more radiodense
|
lead
|
|
|
what does ethylene glycol cause
|
ATN
|
|
|
chloracne
impotence visual changes |
pCBs (polyCHLORinated bEYEphenyls)
|
|
|
drug that causes fatal aplastic anemia
|
chloramphenicol (via an idiosyncratic reaction)
|
|
|
drugs that cause PAN
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
what drugs must G6PD patients avoid
|
sulfonamides (because of an acute, self-limited hemolytic anemia)
|
|
|
what do sulfonamides cause
|
immune complex disease (e.g., PAN)
crystallization in the collecting system bone marrow failure acute self limited himolytic anemi in G6PD patients |
|
|
child
after a flu microvesicular fatty change in liver encephalopthy |
Reyes
|
|
|
chronic analgesic nephritis
renal papillary necrosis urothelial neoplasms acute hemolysis (in G6PD patientes) |
phenacetin
|
|
|
deficiency of almost all nutrients
|
marasmus
|
|
|
protein deficiency
|
Kwashiorkor
|
|
|
depigmented bands with pale streaking in hair or skin
|
Kwashiorkor
|
|
|
B1 is
|
thiamine
|
|
|
B2 is
|
riboflavin
|
|
|
B3 is
|
niacin
nicotinic acid |
|
|
B6 is
|
pyridoxine
|
|
|
cheilosis
corneal vascularization glossitis dermatitis |
B2 deficiency
|
|
|
vitamin in FAD and FMN, and what are those needed for
|
B2, redox
|
|
|
what vitaimin is a compnent of NAD NADP
|
B3 = Nicotinic
|
|
|
cheilosis
glossitis anemia convulsions in infants neurologic dysfunction |
B6 deficiency
|
|
|
vitamin needed for transamination
porpyrin synthesis synthesis of niacin from tryptophan |
B6
|
|
|
vitamin needed for porphyrin synthesis
|
Pyridoxine for Porphyrins
|
|
|
anemia caused by B12
|
megaloblastic
|
|
|
defective formation of mesenchymal tissue and osteoid matric
|
vitamin C deficiency
|
|
|
needed for wound healing
|
vitamin C
|
|
|
vitaimin needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine
(and what are they needed for?) |
C is needed for lysine and proline hydroxylation needed in collagen synthesis
Lip Police needed for Collagen |
|
|
vitamin that helps to keep iron and FH4 reduced
|
C
|
|
|
fad diet
peripheral neuropathy |
dry beri beri
|
|
|
fad diet
high output cardiac failure |
wet beri beri (because of peripheral dilation of arterioles and capillaries - increased arteriovenous shunting - hypervolemia - cardiac dilation
|
|
|
confusion
ataxia ophtalmoplegia |
Wernicke triad
|
|
|
what must diet lack to lead to niacin deficiency
|
niacin AND tryptophan
|
|
|
NAD (and therefore niacin) is necessary for which processes
|
glycolysis
TCA other |
|
|
eat too many egg whites
|
Biotin deficiency (B7)
cofactor in fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
vitamin deficiency with INH
|
B6 because it competes for pyridoxine binding sites)
|
|
|
dementia
dermatitis diarrhea |
pellagra
B3 niacin |
|
|
what neurotransmitter is compromised by B6 deficiency
|
GABA
|
|
|
patients fo which disorder need a lot of B6
|
hymocystinuria
|
|
|
vitamin that is an antioxidant
|
Vitamin E
|
|
|
glutamyl carboxylation
|
K does it ino order to make gamma carboxyglutamyl residues of active serine proteases for for clotting factors II VII IX X
|
|
|
what kind of metaplasia is caused by vitamin A deficiency
|
squmous (in trachea, bronchi, renal pelvis, conjunctivae, tear ducts
|
|
|
main cause of Vitamin K deficiency
|
fat malabsorption or alterations in intestinal flora caused by antibiotics
|
|
|
calcific sclerosis in radial and ulnar arteries
no obstruction to flow |
Monckeberg, which is distrinct from athero
|
|
|
layer that Monckeberg sclerosis affects
|
media -- so no flow obstruction
|
|
|
ring like calcifications in media of arteries, "Pipestem" arteries
|
Monckeberg
|
|
|
hyaline thickening or proliferative changes of small arteries and arterioles is usually associated with
|
HTN
DM (and this is arteriolosclerosis) |
|
|
concentric laminated "onion skin" thickening of arteriolar walls, possibly with intramural fibrinouid
|
hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (=malignant nephrosclerosis in kidneys)
|
|
|
obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum and necrosis of the media
|
syphyilitic leutic tree bark aneurysm
|
|
|
most frequent histology of aortic root aneurysms
|
cystic medial necrosis
|
|
|
layer involved in dissecting aneurysms (= dissecting hematoma)
|
lognitudinal intraluminal tear, amking a lumen within the media
|
|
|
inheritance pattern of OWR
|
audtosomal dominant
|
|
|
cavernous hemangiomas associated with
|
von Hippel Lindau, which is associated with
hemangioblastomas adenomas and cysts of liver, kidneys, pancreas, other organs increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma |
|
|
hemangiosarcoma (angiosarcoma) associated with
|
arsenic
thorotrast |
|
|
angiosarcoma of liver associated with
|
PVC
|
|
|
malignant vascular tumor affecting MSM, or endemic in africa
|
ks
|
|
|
necrotizing immune complex inflammation of small and medium sized arteries
|
PAN
|
|
|
layers involved in PAH
|
destruction of arterial media and internal elastic lamella
|
|
|
aneurysmal nodules
|
PAN
|
|
|
PAN is associated with prior infection by
|
HepB
|
|
|
antibodies to neutrophilic myeloperoxidase
|
PAN
these are the same as perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodis, or P-ANCA |
|
|
granulommatous angiitis in lungs
|
Chrug-Strauss
|
|
|
immune complex mediated vasculitis
|
Henoch Schonlein
Serum Sickness |
|
|
generalized deposition of antigen antibody complexes in hearts, joints and kidneys post administration of antitoxins containing animal serum
|
serum sickness
|
|
|
granulomatous vasculitis in respiratory trac, esp paranasal sinuses and lungs
|
Wegerners
|
|
|
circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
|
cANCA - Wegeners
|
|
|
stenosis of medium to large sized arteries, esp aortic arch
|
Takayasu
|
|
|
young men
acute inflammation of small to medium sized arteries of extremeities extending to adjacent veins and nerves |
Buerger
cigarette smoking associated |
|
|
vasopsasm in small arteries and arterioles of fingers and toes
|
Raynaud
associated with SLE scleroderma |
|
|
adrenal hyperplasias that result in htn
|
17 and 11
|
|
|
flea bitten kidney
|
malignant hypertension
|
|
|
what causes unstable angina
|
disruption of atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed thrombosis
embolication vasospasm |
|
|
intermiitent chest pain at rest
|
prinzmetal angina (vs unstable is prolonged or recurrent pain at rest)
|
|
|
cells involved in evotion of MI
|
neutrophils
macrophages fibroblasts |
|
|
when, post MI, are striations lost
|
12-24 hours
|
|
|
when, post MI, does coagulative necrosis start
|
24 hours
|
|
|
when, ost MI, do macrophages replace neutrophils
|
day 3
|
|
|
when, post MI, do fibroblasts start
|
7 days
|
|
|
when, post MI, can ventricular aneurysm occur
|
3-6 months, in scarred areas
|
|
|
when, post MI, does fibrosis set in
|
5th week (fibroblasts started at 7 days)
|
|
|
when, post MI, is CK-MB present
|
6 hours - 3 days
strong at 12-16 hrs peaks at 24 |
|
|
when, post MI, is troponin I present
|
persists (like CK, strong 12-16 hours and peaks at 24)
|
|
|
leading cause of death in first hours after MI
|
arrhythmia
|
|
|
fishmouth deformity
|
rheymatic mitral valve
|
|
|
increased ESR
migratory polyarthritis subcutaneous nodules erythema marginatum chorea |
Actue rheumatic fever
|
|
|
main pathogen for acute vs subacute endocarditis
|
shap aureus vs strep viridans
|
|
|
endocarditis associated with cancer and other wastin conditions
|
nonbaterial thrombotic endocarditis = marantic
|
|
|
sterile emboli
|
marantic dnocarditis (associated with metastatic cancer and other wasting conditions)
|
|
|
SLE
vegetations on either/both surfaces of valve leaflets |
Libman Sacks endocarditis
|
|
|
right sided endocarditis
|
think carcinoid
|
|
|
what can the following cause:
nondissecting aortic aneurysm rheumatic heart disease syphilitc aortitis |
aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
defect in fossa ovalis
|
septum secundum
|
|
|
when are ASD symptoms noted
|
often not untl adult life
|
|
|
tetralogy of fallot
|
pulmonary stoenois
VSD overriding aorta RVH |
|
|
tetralogy of fallot
|
pulmonary stoenois
VSD overriding aorta RVH |
|
|
hpertension limited to upper extremities
|
coarctation of aorta
|
|
|
PDA is associated with
|
congenital rubella syndrome
|
|
|
inheritance pattern of Tetralogy of Fallot
|
multifactorial
|
|
|
cardiomyopathy related to thiamine deficiency
|
dilated
|
|
|
what heart failure does cardiac amyloidosis result i
|
right and left
|
|
|
which changers are hypertorphied/dilated in dilated cardiomyopathy
|
all four
|
|
|
inheritance pattern of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
AD
|
|
|
most common cause of myocarditis
|
coxsackie
Chagas (trypanosoma cruzi) |
|
|
what is serous pericarditis associated with
|
SLE
Rheumatic Fever viral infections |
|
|
fibrinous pericarditis is associated with
|
uremia
myocardial infarct acute rheumatic fever |
|
|
prurulent pericarditis is associated twith
|
bacterial infection
|
|
|
constrictive percarditis is usually associated with
|
tuberculous or pyogenic staph etiology
|
|
|
dyspnea and orthopnea
|
left sided HF
|
|
|
renal hypoxia
fulid retention peripheral edem enlarged and congested liver and spleen |
right sided HF
|
|
|
is anemia of prgnancy anemia
|
no -- just increased plasma voume
|
|
|
hpochromia
microcytosis |
iron deficiency anemia
|
|
|
pancytopenia
oval macrocytes hypersegmented neutrophils achlorhydria, etc |
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
achlorhydria
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
hypersegmented neutrophils
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
anti-intrinsic factor antibodies
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
absent position and vbration sensations
anemia |
pernicious aneia
|
|
|
pancytopenia
reticulocytopenia marked hypocellularity of bone marrow |
aplastic anemia
|
|
|
cuses of aplastic anemia
|
toxic drugs and chemicals
|
|
|
anemia
normochromic normocytic/macrocytic |
anemia of chronic disease
|
|
|
anemia
hypochromic microcytic decreased serum iron and binding capacity |
anemia of chronic disease
|
|
|
myelophthisic anemia
|
malignant tumor causes
tumor cells in bone marrow |
|
|
diseases associated with anemia of chronic disease
|
rheumatoid arthritis
renal disease chronic infection |
|
|
pallor
fatigue dyspnea on exertion |
anemia
|
|
|
koilonychia (spooning of nails)
|
extreme anemia
|
|
|
partially obstructing upper esophageal web
|
extreme iron deficiency anemia
|
|
|
3 caues of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
|
iron deficiency
anemia of chronic disease (sometimes) beta thalassemia minor |
|
|
low iron and low TIBC
|
anemia of chronic disease
|
|
|
increased A2 hemoglobin
|
beta thalassemia minor
|
|
|
large erythroid precurose cells with open, loose-appearing chromatin pattern
|
megaloblastic anemia (e.g., vitamin B12 or folate deficiency)
|
|
|
lemon yellow skin color
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
stomatitis and glossitis
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
ataxic gait
hyperreflexia with extensor plantar reflexes impaired position and vibration sensation |
subacute combined degeneration
|
|
|
abnormal Schilling test
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
drugs that can interfere with folate absorption
|
phenytoin
oral contraceptives |
|
|
sprue and anemia
|
folate deficiency
|
|
|
giardia lamblia and anemia
|
folate deficiency
|
|
|
drugs that can cause aplastic anemia
|
**chloramphenicol
sulfonamides antimalarials alkylators |
|
|
is there bilirubinuria in the increased uncongjugated bilirubin resulting from increased red cell destruction?
|
no, just increased urine urobilinogen
|
|
|
consequence of bilirubinemia of red cell destruction
|
pigment containing gallstones
increased urine urobilinogen |
|
|
when does hemoglobinemia and uria happen in hemolytic anemia
|
when the haptoglobins are exhuaseted, which happens f the hemolysis is very rapid
|
|
|
normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia
reticulocytosis polychromatophilia |
increased erythropoiesis
|
|
|
a hemolytic anemia iof rescent onset suggests what kind of hyemoytic anemia
|
immune
|
|
|
hemolytic anemia
spherocytosis positive direct Coombs test |
warm antibody hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
blood group that cold agglutin disease will often have specificity for
|
I (i i i i am cold)
|
|
|
immune hemolysis that can be associated with lymphoid neoplasms
|
chronic cold agglutinin disease
|
|
|
main blood antigen that is infolved in erythroblastosis fetalis
|
D antigen of Rh
|
|
|
causes of erythroblastosis fetalis
|
maternal alloimmunization
ABO incompatibility |
|
|
PIG-A
|
paroxysmal nocutrnal hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
CD59
|
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
this is because there is impaired synthesis of the GPI anchor needed for the fixation of certain proteins to the cell surface. This includes proteins needed for protection of red cells, granulocytes and platelets, (CD 55, 59, 8 |
|
|
dark urine in the morning
|
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
decreased erythrocyte osmotic gragility to hypotonic saline
|
hereditary spherocytosis
|
|
|
increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
|
MCHC
|
|
|
inheritance of hereditary elliptocytosis (ovalocytosis)
|
AD
|
|
|
elongated, oval red cells
|
hereditary elliptocytosis
AD |
|
|
inheritance of G6PD D
|
X
|
|
|
bite cells
|
G6PD d
|
|
|
the other enzyme deficiency hemolytic anemia
|
pyruvate kinase deficiency
|
|
|
Duffy blood group angtiens are associated with
|
malarial resistance
|
|
|
site of mutation leading to Hemoglobin S
|
point mutation
codon 6 of beta globin gene glu replaced with val |
|
|
hemoglobin type that causes sickling
|
S
|
|
|
population with hemoglobin E disorders
|
southEast asia
|
|
|
population with hemoglobin C
|
afriCa
|
|
|
what causes decreased RBC lifespan in thalassemia
|
aggregation of insoluble excess alpha chains
|
|
|
distortion of skull, facial bones and long bones
blood disorder |
beta thalassemia, due to erythroid marrow expansion
|
|
|
which hemoglobin increases in beta thalassemia major
|
F (aplpha 2 gamma 2)
|
|
|
which hemoglobin incrases in beta thalassemia minor
|
A2 alpha 2 delta 2
|
|
|
increased hemoglobin F
|
beta thalassemia major
|
|
|
increased hemoglobin A2
|
beta thalassemia minor
|
|
|
thalassemia most common is southeast asia
|
alpha (deletions of 1-4 of the alpha globin genes)
|
|
|
ANEMIA
SPHEROCYTOSIS RETICULOCYTOSIS UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA ACHOLURIC JAUNDICE POSITIVE DIRECT COOMBS |
warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
direct Coombs test poisitive on cord blood
progressive postnatal increase in unconjugated bilirubin |
hemolytic disease of the newborn
erythroblastosis fetalis |
|
|
blood disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance
|
hereditary spheroytosis
dominant sphere |
|
|
failure of erythrocyte hexose monophosphate shunt under oxidative stress
|
G6PD
|
|
|
schistocytes or helmet cells
|
hemolytic anemia due to mechanical disruption of circulating erythrocytes
|
|
|
most common malignancies in kids
|
leukemias - esp ALL
|
|
|
CD 10 marker
|
present in the most treatable ALLs
|
|
|
most treatable ALL has this marker
|
CD 10
keeps the 10 year old ALLive |
|
|
type of lymphoid cell that proliferations in CLL typically
|
B
|
|
|
leukemia in old men
|
CLL
|
|
|
leukemia in kids
|
ALL
|
|
|
smudge cells
|
CLL
|
|
|
leukemic cells
CD5 positive, 10 negative |
CLL
|
|
|
cell type affected in hairy cell leukemia
|
B
|
|
|
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining
|
hairy cell (B cells)
|
|
|
middle aged man
splenomegaly pancytopenia |
hairy cell
|
|
|
leukemia that responds to:
alpha interferon 2 chlorodeoxyadenosine deoxycoformycin |
hairy cell
|
|
|
what kind of protein is Bcr-abl
|
TK
|
|
|
many granlocytic precursor cells in blood and moarrow
|
CML
|
|
|
reduction in leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
|
CML
|
|
|
marked erythrocytosis
|
polycythemia vera
|
|
|
decreased EPO
erythrocytosis increase in granyulocytes and platelets |
polycythemia vera
|
|
|
extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis inovlving the liver and spleen and sometimes the lymph nodes
fibrous tissue replaces normal hematopoietic cells |
Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis=
agnogenic myeloid metaplasia= myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia |
|
|
teardrop shaped erythrocytes
|
myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
|
|
|
fibrous tissue replacing hematopoietic cells
|
myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
|
|
|
thrombocytosis in peripheral blood
megakaryocytosis in bone marow bleeding thrombosis |
essential thrombocythemia
|
|
|
punched out lytic lesions in bone
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Bence Jones proteins includ
|
free immunoglobulin light chains
|
|
|
rouleaux formation
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
anemia
increased susceptibility to infection hypercalcemia renal insufficiency with azotemia primary amyloidosis |
mutliple myeloma
|
|
|
prominent tubulat casts of Bence Jones protein
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
man over 50
high serum IgM plasmacytoid lymphocytes Bence Jones proteinuria absence of bone lesions hyperviscosity from increased IgM retinal vascular dilation |
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, which manifests lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
|
|
|
otherwise healthy old person
M spike no Bence JOnes |
MGUS
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance |
|
|
type of Hodggkin lymphoma that affects young women primarily
|
nodular sclerosis
|
|
|
Hodgkin with many lymphocytes and histiocytes but few Reed-Sternberg
|
lymphocyte-predominance HL
no EBV association |
|
|
Hodgkin with many lymphocytes
|
Lyphocyte-rich HL
EBV association |
|
|
kind of Hodgkins with no EBV association
|
Lymphocyte rich
|
|
|
prognosis for nodular sclerosis Hodgkin
|
relatively good
|
|
|
Ann Arbor classification
|
staging (and prognosis!) of Hodgkins
|
|
|
WHO classification
|
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
|
|
|
leukemia that B cell lymphoma resembles
|
CLL
CD 5 positive CD 10 negative express CD19 and 20 |
|
|
indolent course
angulated grooved cells t(14;18) |
Follicular lymphoma
|
|
|
gene association with t(14;18)
|
bcl2, an apoptosis inhibitor
|
|
|
gene in t(11;14)
|
bcl 1
(vs bcl 2 for (14;18) |
|
|
lymphoma associated with
Sjogren Hashimoto Helicobactor |
MALToma
|
|
|
what is c myc
|
Burkitts
proto oncogene |
|
|
in Burkitt's c myc ends up next to
|
immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on 14
|
|
|
histology with
cerebriform nuclei Pautrier microabscesses |
T cell lymphoma - Mycosis fungoides type
|
|
|
mycoises fungoides PLUS circulating neoplastic cells with cerebriform nuclei
|
Sezary
|
|
|
perifollicular papules
twisted corkscrew like hair |
Scurvy
|
|
|
fever
arthralgias hemorrhagic urticaria palpable purpura |
Henoch schonlein
|
|
|
inheritance of OWR
|
AD
|
|
|
decreased production of platelets because of bone marrow replacement, usually by tumor cells
|
myelophtisis
|
|
|
difference in ITP between kids and adults
|
acute in kids
chronic in adults |
|
|
antiplatelet antibodies
|
ITP
|
|
|
maternal IgG antibodies in mothers iwth ITP
|
can pass on fetal thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
throbocytopenia with normal or increased megakaryocytes,
no known exposure to thrombocytopenic agents lack of palpable splenomegaly |
ITP
|
|
|
platelet derived hyaline microaggregates in small vessels
thrombocytopenia microangiopathic hemolytic anemia helmet cells schistocytes neurologic abnormalities |
TTP
|
|
|
GP IIb-IIIa disorder
|
Glanzmann
|
|
|
GP Ib-IX-V disorder
|
Bernard Soulier
vWF |
|
|
prolonged aPTT and nothing else
|
Hemophilia or Christmas disease
|
|
|
Factor IX abnormality
|
Christmas disease = Hemophilia B
|
|
|
Factore VIII assay
|
hemophilia
|
|
|
Bleeding time prolonged, but no other abnormalities
Normal platelet count |
qualitative platelet defects
|
|
|
all bleeding times prolonged
|
DICi
|
|
|
increased thrombin time reflects
|
deficiency of fibrinogen
|
|
|
dysfunction of platelet adhesion and factor VIII
|
vWF
|
|
|
most often occurrence of DIC
|
obstetric complications
|
|
|
the only coagulation factor not produced in liver
|
vWF
|
|
|
usual cause of epitlottitis
|
H flu
|
|
|
infection of
larynx trachea epiglottis |
= croup
usually viral |
|
|
most frequent nasal tumor
|
squamous cell
|
|
|
lesions on true vocal cords
|
benign singer's nodule
laryngeal papilloma squamous cell carcinoma glottic carcinoma |
|
|
most common malignant tumor of larynx
|
squamous cell carcioma
|
|
|
laryngeal tumor related to smoking and drinking
|
squamous carcinoma
|
|
|
hoarseness in a 50 year old male smoker and drinker
|
laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Curschmann spirals
|
chronic bronchial asthma
|
|
|
bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
|
bronchial asthma
|
|
|
hyperplasia of bronchial submucosal glands
|
bronchial asthma and bronchitis
|
|
|
increased Reid index
|
chronic bronchitis
= ratio of thickness of gland layer to the bronchial wall |
|
|
abnormally dilated bronchi filled with mucus and neutrophils
inflammation and necrosis of bronchial walls and alveolar fibrosis |
bronchiectasis
|
|
|
duration requirement for chronic bronchitis
|
3 months over 2 year
|
|
|
mechanism of chronic bronchitis
|
hyperplasia of mucus-secreting submucosal glands
|
|
|
type of emphysema associated wtih subpleural bullae, or blebs
|
paraseptal
|
|
|
piZZ
|
bad allele for alpha 1 antitrypsin
chromosome 14. Don't start smoking when you're 14, or you'll pizz out |
|
|
intra-alveolar hyaline membrane composed of fibrin and cellular debris
severe impairment |
ARDS
|
|
|
cause of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (hyalin membrane disease)
|
deficiency of surfactant
|
|
|
dipalmitoyl lecithin
|
surfactant
|
|
|
cells that secrete surfactant
|
type II pneumocytes
|
|
|
lecithin: sphingomyelin ration
|
2:1 = fetal lung maturity
|
|
|
does NRDS make lungs heavier or lighter
|
heavier
|
|
|
anthracosis
|
irrecgular black patches on lungs due to carbon dust inhalation and ingestion by macrophages
|
|
|
pneumoconiosis
|
inhalation of coal dust, can lead to fibrosis
|
|
|
pneumoconiosis asssociated with TB
|
silicosis
|
|
|
ferruginous bodies
|
asbestosis
stain prussian blue iron and protein coating on asbestos fibers |
|
|
dense hyalinized fibrocalcific plaques of the parietal pleura
|
asbestosis
|
|
|
eye manifestation of sarcoidosis
|
anterior uveitis
|
|
|
hemorrhagic pneumonitis with no renal component
|
idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
|
|
|
cells that look like tennis rachets in lungs
|
Birbeck granules
eosinophilic granuloma associated with histiocytosis X |
|
|
most common cause of PHTN
|
COPD
|
|
|
Q fever bug
|
coxiella burnetii, a rickettsia.
working with cattle or drinking unpasteurized milk from infected animmals |
|
|
interstitial pneumonia from inhaling dried excreta of infected birds
|
ornithosis
|
|
|
empyema
|
pus in pleural cavity
associated with strep pneumo |
|
|
causes of pneumonia-related lung abscess
|
staph
pseudomonas klebsiella proteus |
|
|
tb with cavitation
|
secondary, not primary
caseation seen in both |
|
|
ghon complex
|
primary not secondary
caseation seen in both |
|
|
pulmonary organisms visualized in India ink
|
cryptococcus
|
|
|
mutiple pulmonary lesions with late calcification
|
histoplasmosis
|
|
|
fungal spherules containing endospores found within granulomas
|
cocidioidomycosis
|
|
|
lung cancer
hilar mass frquent cavitationelevated PTH |
squamous cell
|
|
|
lung cancer thati is less linked with smoking
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
lung cancer
columnar to cuboidal tumor cells line alveolar walls multiple densities on xray mimics pneumonia |
bronchioalveolar adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
central
undifferentiated lung tumor ectopic ACTH or ADH |
sclc
|
|
|
peripheral
undifferentiated lung tumor |
large cell carcinoma
|
|
|
oral cancer:
most frequent cell type most frequent location |
squamous cell
tongue |
|
|
large mucocele of salivary gland origin
|
ranula
|
|
|
parotid gland
elderly patient large, granular appearing eosinophilic staining epithelial cells |
oncocytoma
|
|
|
parotid gland
most common tumor myxoid |
pleomorphic adenoma
|
|
|
esophageal atresia in neonate
|
maternal polyhydramnios
|
|
|
locatin of enker diverticulum
|
immediately above upper esophageal sphincter
|
|
|
gangion cells affected in achalasia
|
myenteric
|
|
|
type of cells in Barrett's
|
columnar
Barrett was a columnist |
|
|
type of cancers in esophageal carcionoma in US and worldwide
|
in USA, Squamous cell = Adenocarcinoma (USA)
squamous more frequenet worldwide |
|
|
which part of esophagus gets squamous vs adeno
|
squamous in upper 2/3
adeno in lower 1/3 downdeno |
|
|
extreme enlargement of gastric rugae
|
menetrier disease
increased risk of stomach cancer |
|
|
blood group associated with carcinom of stomach
|
A
cArcinomA of stomAch |
|
|
type of cancer that stomach carcionoma tends to be
|
adeno
|
|
|
ulcer with smooth base and nonelevated, punched out margins
vs ulcer with irregular necrotic base and firm, raised margins |
peptic ulcer
vs carcinoma |
|
|
blood group associated with peptic ulcer in small intestine
|
O
duOdenum |
|
|
where do peptic ulcers occur in small intestine
|
first portion of duodenum
|
|
|
is peptic ulcer associated with hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin?
|
everywhere but tin the stomach
|
|
|
layers of intestinal wall involved in Crohn's vs UC
|
all layers (transmural) in Crohn's
|
|
|
crypt abscesses and pseudopolyps
|
UC
|
|
|
do Crohns and UC increase incidence of colon cancer
|
crohn's no. UC yes. Up Cancer
|
|
|
HLA B8
HLA DW3 |
Celiac
Bread ate don't wheat 3 |
|
|
enteropathy type T cell lymphoma
|
associated with celic
|
|
|
most frequent site for carcionoid
|
appendix
|
|
|
PAS positive macrophages in intestinal mucosa
|
Whipple
tropheryma whippelii bacilli |
|
|
circulating acanthocytes (red cells with spiny projections)
|
abetalipoproteinemia
|
|
|
apoprotein B deficiency
|
beta lipoprotein deficiency
abetalipoproteinemia |
|
|
flushing
diarrhea bronchospasm valvular lesions of the right side fo teh heart |
carcinoid
|
|
|
splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction
|
most often ischemic areas becaus ethey are at watershed areas between SMA/IMA/Internal iliac
|
|
|
polyarthritis
uveitis and episcleritis sclerosing cholangitis sacroiliitis erythema nodosum pyoderma gangrenosum |
associated with UC and Crohn's
|
|
|
red granular appearance of colonic mucosa, with minimal ulceration
|
UC
|
|
|
complications of US
|
toxic megacolon
performation of colon carcionoma of colon |
|
|
flask shaped ulcers
|
amebic colitis due to entamoeba histolytica
|
|
|
hamartomatous polyps of colon and SI
melanotic accumulations in mouth and on lips, hands, and genitalia |
peutz jeghers
|
|
|
putz jeghers is aassociated with increased risk of
|
adenocarcinoma of colon
stomach, breast, ovarian malignancy |
|
|
most common type of adenomatous polyp
|
tubular ademoa (75% of them)
|
|
|
most malignant polyps
|
villous
villainous villous |
|
|
inheritance of FAP
|
AD
|
|
|
inheritance of Gardner syndrome
|
AD
gardner dominates the garden |
|
|
polyps
osteomas soft tissue tumors |
gardner syndrome
AD gardner down on his bones working the soft tissue of the garden |
|
|
adenomatous polyps
tumors of the CNS |
Turcot syndrome
|
|
|
obstruction of the rectosigmoid colon
|
sign of carcinoma
|
|
|
enzyme for conjugating bilirubin
|
glucuronyl transferase
|
|
|
what do you have to distinguish physiologic jaundic eo fthe newborn from
|
neonatal cohlestasis due to:
extrahepatic biliary atresia alpha 1 antitrypsin CMV other conditions |
|
|
deficiency of glucuronyl transferase
|
Crigler-Najjar
|
|
|
GI use of phenobarbital
|
Crigler-Najjar, because it decreases seru concentration of unconjugated bilirubin
|
|
|
Crigler Najjar vs Dubin Johnson
|
Criger is hyper unconjugated
Dbun is hyper conjugated |
|
|
Dubin Johnson without the pigment
|
Rotor syndrome
|
|
|
increased urine bilirubin
normal to decreased urine urobilinogen |
hepatocellular jaundice
|
|
|
increased urine bilirubin
decreased urine urobilinogen |
obstructive jaundice
|
|
|
absent urine bilirubin
increased urine urobilinogen |
hemolytic jaundice
|
|
|
transmssion of hepatitis
A B C D E G |
fecal oral
sexual parenteral parenteral sexual and parenteral fecal-oral parenteral |
|
|
HBsAG after 4 months means?
after 6 months? |
usually persists for 3-4 months
carrier state |
|
|
which HB antigen correlates with viral infectivity
|
HBeAg
|
|
|
window period marker for BH
|
Anti HBcAg
anti core is the window -- flee from the core |
|
|
heb with only parenteral transmission
|
C and G
|
|
|
councilman bodies
|
Yellow fever
(indicate midzonal hepatic necrosis) also seen in all of the hepatitides manifestations of apoptosis |
|
|
disorders resulting in microvesicular fatty liver (small fat vacuoles in parenchyma)
|
Reye's
Fatty liver of pregnancy Tetracycline toxicity |
|
|
outcome of fatty liver of pregnancy
|
high mortality
|
|
|
Mallory bodies
|
alcoholic hepatitis
hyalin -- look like plasma cells with smaller nuclei |
|
|
alcoholic
fatty change focal liver cell necrosis ilfiltrates of neutrophils intracytoplasmic eosinophilic hyaline inclusions |
alcoholic hepatitis
|
|
|
what kinds of cirrhosis lead to hepatocellular carcionma
|
all of them have increased risk
|
|
|
cirrhosis
diabetes inceased skin pigmentation |
hemochromatosis
|
|
|
palmar erythema
spider nevi loss of body and pubic hair testicular artrophy gyecomastia |
hyperestrinism in alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
large irregular cirrhotic nodules
|
LATE alcohol
or any post hepatitic cirrhosis |
|
|
primary sclerosing cholangitis associations
|
associated wtih IBD
eventually leads to secondary biliary cirrhosis increased incidence of cholangiocarcionoma |
|
|
increased serum iron
decreased transferrin increased ferritin |
hemochromatosis
|
|
|
part of brain affected by Wilson's disease
|
BG - putamen
|
|
|
hepatic vein occlusion
|
Budd Chiari
|
|
|
Budd Chiari associations
|
polycythemia vera
hepatocellular carcinoma abdominal neoplasms may be a complication of pregnancy |
|
|
hepatic adenomas
|
related to use of oral contraceptives
|
|
|
sequela of hepatic adenoma
|
(caused by oral contraceptives)
intraperitoneal hemorrhage |
|
|
kind of liver cancer that results from cirrhosis
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
aflatoxin B1
|
contaminant in nuts and grains
mutates p53 hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
dissemination of hepatocellular carcionma is via?
|
hematogenous
|
|
|
why is bile duct carcioma more common in Far East
|
Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)
|
|
|
associations of hemangiosarcoma
|
in liver
Pvc thorotrast arsenic |
|
|
what kind of gallsstones are visualized
|
mixed, because of calcium content (which I think comes from teh cholesterol aspect)
|
|
|
effect of tumors vs stones that obstruct the common bile duct
|
tumors result in enlarged, distended gallbladder; obstructing stones don't (Courvoisier law)
|
|
|
main cancer type in gallbladder
|
adenocarcioma
|
|
|
incidence of gallbladder vs biliary duct cancer
|
much more common in gallbladder
|
|
|
what happens to calcium in pancreatitis
|
decreases because of loss of calcium into the precipitated calcium-fatty acid soaps
|
|
|
what's in a pancreatic pseudocyst
|
parencyma, but not lined with ductal epithelium
|
|
|
where does pancreatic carcionma usually occur
|
head (but can happen in tail)
|
|
|
sequela of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in tail
|
DM due to islet destruction
|
|
|
main kind of pancreas carcionma
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
hyperhydramnios (increased amniotic fluid) associated with
|
duodenal atresia
or tracheoesophageal fistula (oligohydramnios is decreased flluid!) |
|
|
associations with oligohydramnios
|
decreased amniotic fluid
bilateral renal agenesis hypoplastic lung extremity defects (Potter sequence) |
|
|
thick basement membrane
granular immunofluorescence spike and dome |
membranous glomerulonephrtis
|
|
|
thick bm
diffuse or nodular mesangial accumulations of BM-like material |
diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
immune complex deposition in subendothelial location -- can lok like membranous
|
lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
subepithelial humps
"lumpy bumpy immunofluorescence |
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
crescents
|
RPGN (immune complex, anti BM, or pauci immune)
|
|
|
linear immunofluorescence
|
Goodpasture
|
|
|
spli basement membrane
|
Alport
|
|
|
mesangial IgA
|
Berger (IgA nephropathy)
|
|
|
tram-trach
C3 deposits |
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
if your population members are going to proliferate you'll need tracks to get them around |
|
|
why is there hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome
|
increased hepatic lipoprotien synthesis
|
|
|
highest incidence o fmembranous glomerulonephritis is among?
|
tennagers and young adults
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome plus azotemia
|
think membranous gn
|
|
|
in spike and dome, the spikers are? domes are?
|
spikes are BM
domes are immune complexes |
|
|
accumulations of mesangial matrix material
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
diabetic nephropathy |
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: membranous glomerulonephritis
|
nephrotic
|
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: renal amyloidosis
|
nephrotic
|
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: lupus nephropaty
|
nephrotic (but IV and V can have nephritic component)
|
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: RPGN
|
nephritic
|
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: goodpastures
|
nephritic
|
|
|
nephrotic or nephritic: alports
|
nephritic
|
|
|
wire loop abnormalities
|
Type IV lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
key findins of nephritic syndrome
|
oliguria
azotemia HTN hematuria *mild proteinuria and edema possibly) |
|
|
oliguria
azotemia HTN hematuria |
nephritic syndrome
|
|
|
red cell casts
azotemia decreased serum C3 |
postrep glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
ASO
|
recent strep infection
|
|
|
anti-DNAase B
|
recent strep infection
|
|
|
anticationic proteinase
|
recent anti strep infection
|
|
|
innumerable punctate hemorrhages on surface of both kidneys
enlarged hypercellular, swollen bloodless glomeruli |
intense inflammatory reaction in poststrep glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
where are humps in
poststrep glomerulonephritis membranous glomerulonephritis lupus nephropathy crescents |
subepithelial
subepithelial subendothelial between Bowman's and glomerular tuft |
|
|
where are crescents in RPGN
|
between Bowman capsule and glomerular tuft
|
|
|
men in mid 20s
nehpritic hemoptysis crescents |
goodpastures
|
|
|
lens discoloration
nerve deafness hereditary nephritis |
Alport
|
|
|
benign recurrent hematuria in kids, usually after an infection
|
IgA nephropathy
|
|
|
nephropathy associated with Henoch Schonlein
|
IgA
|
|
|
glomerular disease associated with C3
|
membranoproliferative
tram track appearance take the C3 train to membrano |
|
|
pyuria
hematuria no white cell casts |
cystitis, not pyelonephrtiis
|
|
|
phenacetn
|
renal papillary necrosis
|
|
|
interstitial nephritis
|
penicillin derivative drugs
NSAIDS diruetics |
|
|
most frequent cause of ATN
|
renal ischemia
|
|
|
what can crush injury cause in kidney
|
myobobinuria
ATN |
|
|
toxins that precipitate ATN
|
mercuric chloride
geeentamicin enthylene glycol |
|
|
part of kidney affected by Fanconi
|
proxial renal tubules
|
|
|
glycosuria
hyperphosphaturia hypophosphatemia aminoaciduria systemic acidosis |
fanconi syndrome
(dysfunction of Proximal tubule with impaired reabsorption of glucose, aa, phosphate, bicarb) |
|
|
impaired tubular reabsorption of tryptophan
|
Hartnug - leads to pellagra like manifestations
|
|
|
cause of thyroidization of kidney
|
chronic pyelonephritis
|
|
|
diffuse cortical necrosis
|
obstetric catastrophes
septic shock probably mediated by end organ vasospasm and DIC |
|
|
most urinary stones are made of
|
calcium
|
|
|
what causes staghorn (struvite) calculi
|
ammonium magnesium phosphate stones, which form in alkaline urine, which is caused by urease positive orgnisms like protease or staph
|
|
|
HTN
hematuria palpable renal masses progression to renal failure |
Adult Polycystic Kidney disease
(AD) |
|
|
prognosis in infantile polycystic kidney disease
|
death at birth
(its AR) |
|
|
acquired cystic disease in kidney
|
long term dialysis therapy
|
|
|
what is azotemia
|
increased serum urea nitrogen and creatinine
|
|
|
azotemia
acidosis hyperkalemia inability to dilute urine CHG hypocalcemia anemia HTN |
uremia in renal failure
|
|
|
oliguria with low sodium?
oliguria with normal sodium? |
normal sodium indicates ATN
low sodium indicates prerenal azotemis, perhaps due to SHOCK |
|
|
renal cell carcioma can be associated with
|
von Hippel-Lindau
|
|
|
flank pain
palpable mass hematuria |
renal cell carcionma
|
|
|
tissue that gives rise to Wilms tumor
|
primitive metanephric
|
|
|
what kind of genes are WT-1 adn WT-2
|
tumor suppressors
Weight on Tumors |
|
|
poor development of iris, and what it's associated with
|
aniridia
WAGR (deletion of WT-1) |
|
|
two syndromes associated with WT-1 gene
|
WAGR
Denys Drash |
|
|
intersexual disorders
nehpropathy Wilms tumor |
Denys Drash
WT-1 |
|
|
hemihypertrophy
macroglossia organomegaly neonatal hypoglycemia emrbyonal tumors |
Beckwith-Wiedemaa
WT2 |
|
|
WAGR
Denys Drash Beckwith Wiedemann which is associated with WT1 or 2 |
Beckwith Wiedemann is 2; others are 1
the kids is 2 big |
|
|
cancer that can be caused by cyclophosphamide
|
transitional cell cander
|
|
|
urniary tract squamous cell cancer
|
schistosoma haematobium
|
|
|
hypospadias involves what structure?
|
urethral meatus opens on ventral surface
|
|
|
epispadias involves what structure
|
urethral meatus opens on dorsal surface
|
|
|
inflammation of glans penis
|
balanitis
|
|
|
acute prurulen urethritis in male
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
which of these does gonorrhea not usually affect:
prostate seminal vesicles epididymis restis |
testis
|
|
|
prurulent urethral discharge without bacteria
|
suspect chlamydia
|
|
|
uncircumcised male in his 50s
single erythematous plaque on shaft of penis or scrotum |
Bowen disease
10% become invasive carcionoma |
|
|
muliple verrucoid lesions resembling condyloma acuminatum and containing HPV 16 sequences
younger men |
Bowenoid papulosis
|
|
|
what type of cancer is penile cancer usually
|
squamous cell
associated with HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 |
|
|
increased risk for what with cryptorchidism
|
testicular atrophy and sterility
seminoma embryonal carcinoma |
|
|
how do you distinguish hydrocele from solid testicular tumors
|
transillumination
|
|
|
tumors associated with cryptorchidism
|
seminoma
embryonal carcinoma Stayed EpigastriC |
|
|
cause of bacterial orchitis
|
syphilis
|
|
|
orchitis with epididymtiis
|
bacterail vs viral
|
|
|
cuase of viral orchitis
|
mumps
|
|
|
causes of epididymitis
|
gonorrhoeae
chlamydia e colie TB GET Chlamydial orchitis |
|
|
female analog to seminoma
|
dysgerminoma
|
|
|
painless enlargement of testis
|
seminoma
|
|
|
tx for testicular seminoma
|
radiation
|
|
|
testicular tumor with peak incidence in infancy and early childhood
|
endodermal sinus (youk sac) tumorf
|
|
|
testicular tumor with increased alpha fetoprotein
|
endodermal sinus (yolk sac)
|
|
|
malignant type of teratoma
|
Mature
Malignant |
|
|
testicular tumor that often causes precocious puberty
|
Leydig cell tumor
get Leyd early |
|
|
testicular tumor with cells that resembe syncytiotrophoblasts
|
choriocarcionoma
SYNphony CHORus |
|
|
what determines prognosis in a mixed germ cell tumor
|
the least mature element
|
|
|
part of prostate that gets carcionoma
|
periperal zone - posterior lobe
(nomenclature changed) you prostate gets posted posteriorly |
|
|
parts of prostate most affected in BPH
|
periurethral and transitional zones
=anterior and middle lobes (vs peripheral/posterior in cancer) |
|
|
Gleason grading
|
prostate
|
|
|
is fraction of free PSA increased or decreased in prostate cancer
|
decreased, because free form increases with BPH but complexed form increases in cancer
|
|
|
what is PSA bound to when it's complexed in cancer
|
alpha 1 anti chymotrypsin
|
|
|
second most common type of vaginitis
|
Trichomonas
(first is candida) |
|
|
most common cause of vaginal discharge
|
Gardnerella
cause of loss of normal vaginal lactobacilli |
|
|
clue cells
|
Gardnerella vaginitis
|
|
|
what are the following associated wtih:
pharyngitis proctitis purulent arthritis ophtalmia neonatorum |
gonorrhea
|
|
|
cause of lymphogranuloma venereum
|
chlamyida
L1, 2 or 3 |
|
|
gray, flattened, wart-like lesions in female genital area
|
condyloma lata of syphilis
|
|
|
bug of chancroid
|
haemophilus ducreyi
|
|
|
donovan bodies
|
granuloma inguinale
histiocytes form large genital/inguinal ulcerations |
|
|
condyloma acuminatum
|
benign HPV, most often 6 and 11
|
|
|
HPV types associated with vulvular carcinoma
|
16
18 31 33 |
|
|
form of uterine cancer that leads to pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
mucinous migrates |
|
|
most frequent ovarian tumor
|
mature teratoma (which here is benign, vs malignant in males)
|
|
|
increased hCG in serum and urine
|
choriocarcinoma in males or females
|
|
|
ovarian fibroma
ascites hydrothorax |
Meigs syndrome
benign |
|
|
gyn tumor that secretes estrogen
|
granulosa cell tumor
benign |
|
|
are fibromas benign or maligant
|
benign
|
|
|
are granulosa cell tumors benign or malignant
|
benign
|
|
|
CIN3
|
HPV dysplasia iwth atypical changes extending through entire thickness of epithelium
|
|
|
virulence factors of HBV
|
viral proteins E6 and E7
inactivate p53 and Rb |
|
|
Rb and RET
|
Rb is a tumor suppressor
RET is a protooncogene |
|
|
relationship between leiomyoma nd leiomyosarcoma
|
none
|
|
|
hormones in excess in PCOS
|
LH
androgens Lots of Hair and Androgens |
|
|
placental trouble that leads to DIC often
|
abruptio
|
|
|
what's the dangerous sequela of amniotic fluid embolism
|
DIC
|
|
|
increased hCG in women associated with:
|
ovarian choriocarcinoma
hydatidiform mole gestational choriocarciinoma |
|
|
precipitants of gestational choriocarcinoma
|
hydatidiform mole (50%)
abortion of ectopic pregnancy (20%_ normal term pregnancy (20-30%) |
|
|
severe hypotension during delivery can precipitate
|
insidious onset pituitary hypofunction
=Sheehan's syndrome |
|
|
blue dome cysts
|
fibrocystic disease of breast
|
|
|
when does fibrocystic diseae of breast carry cancer risk
|
epithelial hyperplasia
sclerosing adenosis atypia |
|
|
proliferation fo small ducts and myoepithelial cells in breast
combined with fibrosis |
sclerosing adenosis
this type of fibrocystic disease carries a cancer risk |
|
|
firm, rubber, pianless, well circuscribed breast mass
|
fibroadenoma
not a cancer precursor |
|
|
breast tumor with ulceration fo overlying skin
leaflike projections from cyst walls |
phyllodes tumor
|
|
|
benign or malignant:
fibroadenoma phylloides adenoma of nipple inraductal papilloma carcionma |
only carcinoma is malignant
|
|
|
serous or bloody discharge
|
intraductal papilloma
benign but needs to be differentiated |
|
|
breast tumor with cheese-like consistency
|
inraductal carcinoma in situ
comedocarcinoma |
|
|
breast tumor
cells arranged in cords, island and glands in a dense fibrous stroma firm consistency |
invasive ductal carcinoma
|
|
|
breast tumor
eczematoid lesion of nipple or areola clear halo-like area in cells |
Paget disease of breast
|
|
|
bilateral breast cancers
|
lobular
invasive lobular |
|
|
breast tumor
Indian file appearance |
invasive lobular carcinoma
|
|
|
breast tumor
lymphocytic infiltrate |
medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
breast tumor
pools of extracellular mucus surrounding clusters of tumor cells gelatinous consistency |
mucinous colloid carcinoma
|
|
|
breast tumor
red, swollen, hot skin |
inflammatory carcinoma
|
|
|
prognosis of invasive intraductal carcinoma
|
poor
|
|
|
prognosis of invasive lobular carcinoma of breast
|
better than invasive ductal
|
|
|
prognosis of medullary carcinoma of breast
|
better than for invasive ductal
|
|
|
prognosis of mucinous (colloid) carcinoma of the breast
|
better than for invasive ductal carcinoma
|
|
|
prognosis of inflammatory carcinoma of breast
|
poor
|
|
|
which BRCA alaso is associated with ovarian malignancy
|
1
|
|
|
type of staining in prolactinoma
|
chromophobic
|
|
|
amenorrhea and galactorrhea in women
|
prolactinoma
|
|
|
rx that cause prolactinoma
|
methyldopa
reserpine |
|
|
pituitary tumor with acidophilic staining
|
somatotropic adenoma with hypersecretion of growth hormone
|
|
|
tumor that induces hyperproduction of somatomedins by liver
|
somatotropic adenoma of pituitary
(which primarily involves overproduction of growth hormone) |
|
|
tumor that causes gigantism and acromegaly
|
pituitary somatotropic adenoma
|
|
|
basophilic adenoma in pituitary
|
cushing disease
|
|
|
difference between cushing disease and syndrome
|
disease is pituitary in origing
|
|
|
generalized panhypopituitarism
|
pititary cachexia, or Simmonds disease
caused by tumors or Sheehan's |
|
|
hormones from neurohypophysis
|
oxytocin
ADH |
|
|
cause of diabetes insipidus
|
ADH deficiency
|
|
|
polyuria with dhydration and insatiable thirst
|
diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
how does a nonsecreting pituitary adenoma usually stain
|
chromophobic (like prolactinoma)
|
|
|
development of large pituitary adenomas following bilateral adrenalectomy
|
Nelson syndrome
lack of feedback inhibition |
|
|
toxic goiter means
|
goiter associated with hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
endemic goiter means
|
enlarged thyroid in areas where iodine deficiency is endemic
|
|
|
what happens to thyroid size in iodine deficiency
|
increases - goiter
|
|
|
what happens to thyroid size in hashimoto thyroiditis
|
inreases - goiter
|
|
|
what happens to T3 resin uptake (THBR) in hypothyroidism
|
decreases
(it means that there are more unbound thyroid hormone binding sides) |
|
|
what happens to T4 in hypothyroidism
|
decreased
|
|
|
severe mental retardation
impairment of physical growth with retarded bone development and dwarmism large tungue protuberant abdomen |
cretinism (hypothyroid)
|
|
|
hyper or hypo thyroid... menorrhagia vs amenorrhea
|
amenorrhea in hyper; menorrhagia in hypo
|
|
|
cause fo Graves disease
|
diffuse toxic goiter
|
|
|
HLA DR3 and HLA B8
|
Graves disease
|
|
|
what kind of antibody is thyroid stimulating immunglobulin (TSI)
|
IgG
It reacts with TSH receptors |
|
|
TSI and TGI
|
thyroid stimulating and growth immunoglobulin that stimulate hormone production and glandular hyperplasia
|
|
|
hyperthyroidism
nodular goiter absence of exophthalmos |
Plummer disease
The plummer jumped out of the grave |
|
|
massive infiltrates of lymphocytes with germinal center formation in the thyroid
atrophic follicles with Hurthle cells |
Hashimoto
|
|
|
atrophic thyroid follicles with epithelial cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
|
Hashimotos
cells are Hurthel cells |
|
|
antithyroblobulin antibodies
|
Hashimotos
|
|
|
antimicrosomal antibodies
|
Graves
|
|
|
natithyroid perosidase antibodies
|
Hashimoto
|
|
|
anti-TSH receptor antibodies
|
Hashimodots
|
|
|
anti-iodine receptor antibodies
|
hshimotos
|
|
|
HLA DR5 and B5
|
Hashimotos
|
|
|
subacute thyroidits on a self-limited course of several weeks
flu-like illness pain and tenderness of thyroid may follow mumps or oxsackie |
subacute de Quervain thyroiditis
|
|
|
thyroid replacement by fibrous tisue
|
Riedel thyroiditis
can mimic carcinoma |
|
|
most common thyroid cancer
|
papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
thyroid
papillary projections into gland like spaces ground glass nuclei calcified spheres |
Papillary carcinoma
Ophan Annie nuclei psammoma bodies Orphan Annie lost her Papi but got her mmoma |
|
|
ret-PTC
|
thyroid papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
10;17 translocation
|
paipillary carcinoma
ret-PTC tk domain orphan annie lived alone from the ages of 10 to 17 |
|
|
prognosis for papillary carcinoma
|
good
|
|
|
thyroid tumor
relatively uniform follicles |
follicular
|
|
|
calcitonin produceing tumor in thyroid
|
medullary carcioma
|
|
|
thyroid cancer with amyloid in the stroma
|
medullary
|
|
|
medullary carioma of thyroid associated with ?
|
MEN IIa and III (IIb)
|
|
|
alk phos in hyperparathyroidism
|
increased
|
|
|
manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism
|
osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghause)
|
|
|
fibrous replacement of resorbed bone tumor may lead to formation of non-neoplastic tumor like masses (brown tumor)
|
osteitis fibrosa cystica
|
|
|
hypoparathyroidism due to multihormone resistanc to PTH and pituitary hormones (TSH, LH, FSH)
|
pseudo hypoparathyroidism
|
|
|
shortened foruth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals
short statue |
pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
|
|
GNAS1
|
gene that encodes G proteins that mediate tissue responsiveness to hormones
pseudohypoparathyroidism |
|
|
parathyroid disorder due to imprinting (paternal imprinting; expression only of maternal)
|
pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
|
|
transmission of a mutant maternal GNAS1 (paternal imprinting)
|
pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
|
|
transmission of a mutant paternal GNAS1 allele (maternal imprinting/silencing)
|
pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
|
|
|
inncreased serum renin
|
SECONDARY hyperaldosteronism
|
|
|
hypocorticism (adrenal atrophy) due to infection
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen
usually meningococcal |
|
|
meningococcal infection can do what in the adrenals
|
hypocorticism due to Waterhouse-friderichsen
|
|
|
chromaffin cell tumor
|
pheochromocytoma
|
|
|
small blue cell tumor of adrenal medulla
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
catecholamine secreting malignancy of early childhood
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
hypertension
sodium and water retention hypokalemia (with alkalosis usually) |
Conns
|
|
|
why is there decreased renin in Conn's
|
negative feedback of increased blood pressure
|
|
|
cuase of secondary aldosteronism
|
renal ischemia
renal tumors edema |
|
|
virilizing congenital enzyme defects
|
21 and 11 hydroxylase
|
|
|
most common cause of Addison disease
|
autoimmune lymphocytic adrenalitis with atrophy
|
|
|
cause of Waterhouse Friderichsen
|
hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex, usually due to meningococcemia
|
|
|
what is Waterhouse Friderichsen often associated with
|
DIC
|
|
|
paraganglioma
|
"pheochromocytoma" that happens from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells
|
|
|
increased urinary excretion of vanillymandelic acid
|
pheochromocytoma
(also expect NE and norepi in urine) |
|
|
can pheochromocytoma involve hyperglycemia
|
yes
|
|
|
most common catecholamine secreting tumor in childhood
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
amblicficaiton of n-myc
|
Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
what can happen to the malignant cells of neuroblastoma
|
can revert to benign
|
|
|
which DM runs more in families
|
2
|
|
|
which DM is from a failure of insulin synthesis
|
I
|
|
|
HLA-DR3 and 4
|
DM I
|
|
|
point mutation in HLA-DQ
|
DM I
|
|
|
what mediates ketoacidosis in DMI
|
increased catabolism of fat with production of ketone bodies
|
|
|
inheritance of Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young (MODY)
|
AD
|
|
|
mild hyperglycemia
hyposecrtion of insulin no loss of beta cells |
MODY
|
|
|
how does hereditary hemochromatosis lead to secondary DM
|
fibrosis in pancreas
|
|
|
how does Cushings lead to secondary DM
|
increased gluconeogenesis
impaired peripheral utilization of glucose |
|
|
how does Acromegaly lead to secondary DM
|
anti-insulin like effect of GH
|
|
|
notable consequence of gestational diabetes
|
increased birth weight
respiratory distress due to hyaline membrane disease hyperplasia of pancreatic islets and HYPOglycemia (even though mom was HYPERglycemic) |
|
|
which DM features fibrosis and hyaliziation of islets
|
II
|
|
|
amylin deposition in isleets
|
DM II
|
|
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson
|
diabetes
|
|
|
Armanni-Ebstein lesion
|
tubular deposition of glcogen in DM due to untreated hyperglycemia
|
|
|
most common islet cell tumor
|
insulinoma
|
|
|
(1) episodic hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia
(2) confusion, anxiety, stupor, convulsions, coma (3) dramatic reversal of CNS abnormalities by glucose administration |
whipple triad of pancreatic insulinoma in beta cells
|
|
|
gastrin hypersecretion and hypergastrinemia
|
pancreatic gastrinoma
Zollinger-Eillison often associated |
|
|
is insulinoma benign or malignant
|
can be either
|
|
|
necrolytic migratory erythema
|
glucagonoma (alpha cell tumor)
|
|
|
Watery Diarrhea
Hypokalemia Achlorhydria |
VIPoma
(WDHA syndrome or WADHOKA, I'd say) Verner Morrison syndrome pancreatic cholera) |
|
|
role of VIP
|
homologous to secretin
relaxes GI smooth muscle (so lower esophageal sphincter) stimulates bicarb inhibits gastric acid |
|
|
which MEN includes Zollinger Ellison
|
I
because that's the three Ps and one is pancreas |
|
|
Wermer syndrome
|
MEN I
|
|
|
Sipple syndrome
|
MEN IIa
|
|
|
which MEN is pheochromocytoma
|
IIa
|
|
|
which MEN is medullary carcinoma of thyroid
|
IIa
|
|
|
which MEN is due to ret mutations
|
MEN IIa and IIb (although different mutations)
|
|
|
which MEN does not have hyperparathyroidism
|
IIb or III
|
|
|
acanthosis
|
thickening of epidermis
|
|
|
what caauses lichenification
|
scratching
|
|
|
Munro abscesses
|
psoriasis
minute neutrophilic abscesses in the parakeratotic stratum corneum Judy Monro had psoriasis |
|
|
acantholytic disorder
|
pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
|
acanthosis and parakeratosis
|
psoriasis
acatnthosis is epidermal thickening parakeratosis is hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei |
|
|
severe intraepidermal bullae
|
pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
|
subepidermal bullae with eosinophils
|
bullous pemphigoid
|
|
|
IgG antibodies against the epidermal BM
|
bullous pemphigoid
|
|
|
IgG antibodies against epidermal intercellular cement substance
|
pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
|
pruritic blistering on extensor surfaces, scalp, upper back, sacrum
microabscesses with PMNs and eosinophils |
dermatitis herpetiformis
|
|
|
macules, papules and vesicles
target lesions |
erythema multiforme
|
|
|
inheritance of ocular albinism
|
X linked
you need your eyes to see that X marks the spot |
|
|
which albinism involves tyrosinase deficiency?
|
oculocutaneous
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in oculocutaneous albinism
|
tyrosinase - converts tyrosie to DOPA (which then is converted to melanin)
|
|
|
increase of melanin in basal keratinocytes
|
ephelis (freckle!)
|
|
|
melanocytic hyperplasia in epidermis
|
lentigo
|
|
|
what are nevus cells derived from
|
melanocytes
|
|
|
is spitz nevus benign or malignant
|
always benign
can be confused with melanoma, though, because of the spindle-shaped cells |
|
|
inheritance pattern of dysplastic nevus syndrome
|
AD
|
|
|
Hutchison freckle
|
precursor to lentigo maligna melanoma
sun exposure |
|
|
umbilicated dome shaped papules
transmission by contact among kids |
molluscum contagiosum
|
|
|
acrochordon
|
skin tag!!
this one was just for fun, Meges. Let's see if that helped you remember it |
|
|
benign neoplasm that regresses spontaneously without threapy
|
keratoacanthoma
|
|
|
which is premalignant?
seborrheic keratosis keratoacanthoma actinic keratosis |
actinic keratosis
|
|
|
acanthosis nigricans marks visceral malignancy in
|
BULS
Breast Uterus Lung Stomach |
|
|
port-wine stain
ipsilateral glaucoma vascular lesion of ocular choroidal tissue hemangiomas of meninges convulsions, mental retardation retinal detachment |
Sturge Weber
|
|
|
syndromes that include hemangiomas
|
Sturge Weber
von Hippel Lindau |
|
|
melanoma that grows vertically
|
nodular melanoma
|
|
|
in muscle, fibers that have a central darker area reminiscent of a bull's eye are called in tissue with denervation atrophy
|
target fibers
|
|
|
muscle tissue with clusters of type I and clusters fo type II fibers
|
denervation atrophy with subsequent renervation
|
|
|
atrophied muscle with primarily type II fibers
|
angular atrophy due to disuse of muscle
If you don't use muscle you lose type I |
|
|
muslce tissue with increased CK
|
dystrophic
|
|
|
what is muscle creatine kinase derived from
|
degenerating muscle
|
|
|
muscle biopsy
random variation in muscle fiber size necrosis of individual muscle fibers replacement of necrotic fibers by fibrofatty tissu |
MD
|
|
|
what happens to serum CK in MD
|
increases
|
|
|
what happens to the hypertropied calves in MD
|
pseydohypertrophy
(increased firous tissue and adipose tissue) |
|
|
muscular dystorphy with and without a frameshift
|
Duchenne has frameshift
Becker has segmental deletions |
|
|
muscular dystrophy with segmental deletions
|
Becker
in Becker genes have been pecked out |
|
|
inheritance mpattern of myotonic dystrophy
|
AD
trinucleotide CTG repeats in myotonin protein kinase anticipation |
|
|
weakness associated with inability to relax muscles once contracted
cataracts testicular atorphy baldness |
myotonic dystrophy
|
|
|
floppy baby
loss of mitochondria and other organelles in the central portion of type I muscle fibers |
central core disease
|
|
|
floppy baby
tangles of small rod-shaped granules in type I fibers |
Nemaline myopathy
|
|
|
prognosis in central core disease
|
affected infants become ambulatory
(this is the one with a loss of mitochondria in central potion of type I fibers) |
|
|
ragged red muscle fibers
opthalmoplegia pigementary retinoaphy heart block cerebellar ataxia |
Kearns-Sayre
|
|
|
inheritance pattern of Kearns Sayre
|
mitochondrial - maternal
|
|
|
autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors
|
MG
MGAR |
|
|
muscle disorder associated with tumors of thymus or thymic hyperplasia
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
defect in release of acetylcholine by nerve cells
|
Lambert-Eaton
wants to keep Eatin the ACh and not let the muscles have it |
|
|
a patient with a defect in release of acetylcholine by nerve cells might also have?
|
SCLC
(This was Lambert-Eaton) |
|
|
cause of osteitis fibrosa cystica
|
hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
bone disease with normal calcium and phosphorus
|
Ostoporosis and Pagets
|
|
|
osteoporosis and paget's disease both have normal calcium and phosphorus. How can you tell them apart?
|
makedly increased alk phos in pagets
alk Phos higher in Pagets |
|
|
what's renal osteodystropy
|
osteomalacia secondary to renal disease
|
|
|
what accumulates in rickets
|
osteoid
|
|
|
thinnign and softening of occipital and parietal bones
|
craniotabes of rickets
|
|
|
thickeing of costochondral junctions, resulting in a string of beads appearance
|
rachitic rosary of rickets
|
|
|
depression along the line of insertionof teh diaphragm into the rib cage
|
Harrison groove in rickets
|
|
|
protrusion of the sternum
|
Pigeon breast in rickets
|
|
|
increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
|
Pagets
|
|
|
locations for Pagets
|
spine
pelvis calvarium femur tibia |
|
|
new bone formation with a mosaic pattern
|
pagets
|
|
|
bone disorder that can lead to high output cardiac failure
|
ppagets
because of arteriovenous shunts in highly vascular early lesions |
|
|
osteosarcoma in an older person is probably secondary to
|
paget's disease
|
|
|
impaired osteoid matrix formation
|
vitamin C deficiency - scurvy
failure of proline and lysine hydroxylation |
|
|
subperiosteal hemorrhage
|
scurby
|
|
|
osteoporosis a tthe metapheses
|
scurvy
|
|
|
location of FGFR3 gene
|
chromosome 4
achondroplasia tiny 4 |
|
|
3 diseases where bone is replaced with fibrous tissue
|
McCune Albright
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia polyostotic fibrous dysplasia |
|
|
GNAS1
|
McCune Albright
Growth early Nymphs - young girls Au lait spots Short |
|
|
avascular necrosis at the head of the femur
|
Legg Calve Perthes
Legg at the top of the calves |
|
|
avascular necrosis at the tibial tubercle
|
Osgood Schlatter
|
|
|
avascular necrosis of the navicular bone
|
Kohler bone disease
Kohler used to be a navicular sailor, which is why he turned to bathtubs and other things that move water |
|
|
blue sclerae
|
osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
cause of greatly increased density of the skeleton in osteopetrosis
|
failure of osteoclasts!
|
|
|
bone disease with
anemia blindness deafness |
osteopetrosis
|
|
|
osteopetrosis inheritance pattern
|
AR form kills in infancy
AD (yes, that's right, the AD form) is less severe (which makes sense, right) |
|
|
most common bug for osteomyelitis
|
staph aureus
osteo aureo |
|
|
most common bug for osteomyelitis in sicklers
|
salmonella sickler
|
|
|
most commong osteomyelitis bug in newborns
|
strep B and e coli
|
|
|
most common osteomyelitis bug in IV drug users
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
part of bone that osteomyelitis usually gets to
|
metaphysis (esp distal femur, proximal tibia and humerus)
myelitis metaphysis |
|
|
abscess in bone - name and how it developes
|
Brodie
sleeve of new bone around infected necrotic area with surrounding wall of granulation tissue |
|
|
tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic structures in Langerhans cells of teh ?
|
epidermis
this is Histiocytosis X with Birbeck granules |
|
|
4 year old kid
skull lesion diabetes insipidus exophthalmos |
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
Histiocytosis X variant look for tennis racquet Birbeck Christian had a Historic Hand for Tennis Rackets of Birbeck |
|
|
cartilage-capped subperiosteal bony projection from bone surface
|
osteochondroma (exostosis)
benign |
|
|
bone tumor that is more common in females (the only one!)
|
giant cell tumor (benign)
because women are the giants of the race!! |
|
|
which two bone tumors are benign
|
osteochondroma
giant cell tumor Gentle Giant is OCay |
|
|
bone tumor with multinucleated giant cells and fibrous stroma, at epiphyses
|
giant cell tumor
(women 20-40) |
|
|
intramedullary cartilaginous neoplasm in hands and feet
|
enchondroma
|
|
|
bone tumor that often protrudes into paranasal sinus
|
osteoma
|
|
|
proliferation of osteoid and fibrous tissue
|
osteoid osteoma
|
|
|
bone tumor in vertebrae
|
ostoblastoma
blasts the skeleton |
|
|
the three main malignant bone tumors
|
osteosarcoma (teenage boys)
chondrosarcoma (middle aged boys) Ewing sarcoma (little boys) |
|
|
undifferentiated small blue cell tumor in long pones, pelvis, scapulae, ribs
|
Ewing Sarcoma
|
|
|
osteoid and bone producing neoplasm in tibia or femur near the knee
|
osteosarcoma
|
|
|
codman triangle
|
osteosarcoma
|
|
|
sunburst pattern of growth in bone
|
osteosarcoma
|
|
|
2-3x increase in alk phos with bone growth at the knee
|
osteosarcoma
|
|
|
familial retinoblastoma predisposes patients to this kind of bone tumor
|
osteosarcoma
loss of Rb tumor suppressor on 13 |
|
|
bone tumor related to neural crest
|
Ewing's sarcoma
|
|
|
rheumatoid factor is usually what kind of immunoglobullin
|
IgM (that is anti-IgG Fc specific)
rheuMatoid |
|
|
HLA DR4
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
pannus over articular cartilage
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
splenomaegaly
neutropenia rheumatoid arthritis |
Felty syndrome
(RA variant) |
|
|
arthritis of spine and sacroiliac
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
|
|
eburnation
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
polished, ivory like appearance of bone
|
eburnation in osteoarthritis
|
|
|
Hebreden nodes
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
immunoglobulin in gout
|
IgG for Gout
|
|
|
nodular growth in helix and antihelix of ear or Achilles tendon
|
Gout!
|
|
|
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition
|
pseudogout or Chonddrocalcinosis
|
|
|
monoarticular arthritis in knee with purulent synovial fluid
|
gonococcal arthritis
|
|
|
tick associated arthritis (which Ig associated)
|
Lyme disease
IgM for lyMe |
|
|
clubbing of fingers
periostitis at distal end of radius and ulna |
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with
chronic lung disease congenital cyanotic heart disease cirrhosis of liver inflammatory bowel disease |
|
|
desmin stains for
|
muscle
desM-IN is IN Muscle |
|
|
vimentin stains for
|
mesenchyme, and thus sarcomas
it is a part of cytoskeletal elements |
|
|
synovial tumor with a biphasic growth pattern in which both epithelial and spindle cells occur
|
synovial sarcoma
|
|
|
tumor with spindle shaped cells demonstrating a herringbone pattern
|
fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
posterior vertebral arches fail to close
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
vertebral arch defect limited to one or two vertebrae
|
spina bifida occulta
|
|
|
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition
|
pseudogout or Chonddrocalcinosis
|
|
|
monoarticular arthritis in knee with purulent synovial fluid
|
gonococcal arthritis
|
|
|
tick associated arthritis (which Ig associated)
|
Lyme disease
IgM for lyMe |
|
|
clubbing of fingers
periostitis at distal end of radius and ulna |
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with
chronic lung disease congenital cyanotic heart disease cirrhosis of liver inflammatory bowel disease |
|
|
desmin stains for
|
muscle
desM-IN is IN Muscle |
|
|
vimentin stains for
|
mesenchyme, and thus sarcomas
it is a part of cytoskeletal elements |
|
|
synovial tumor with a biphasic growth pattern in which both epithelial and spindle cells occur
|
synovial sarcoma
|
|
|
tumor with spindle shaped cells demonstrating a herringbone pattern
|
fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
posterior vertebral arches fail to close
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
vertebral arch defect limited to one or two vertebrae
|
spina bifida occulta
|
|
|
spina bifida with herniation of meninges
|
spina bifida cystica
|
|
|
nerniated membranes consisting of meninges only
|
meningocele
|
|
|
portion of spinal cord included in herniated tissue
|
meningomyelocele
|
|
|
in communicating hydrocephalus there is free flow of CSF between
|
ventricles and subarachnoid
|
|
|
presence of a thoracolumbar meningomyelocele is almost always characteristic of this brain deformity
|
Arnold Chiari
|
|
|
hear defect associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
|
ASD
ASD Alcohol |
|
|
cell type that proliferatues in tuberous sclerosis
|
astrocytes
stars of sclerosis |
|
|
adenoma sebaceum
angiomyolipoma of kidney |
associated with tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
inheritance of tuberous sclerosis
|
AD
|
|
|
small white nodules scattered in cerebral corte and periventricular areas
|
tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
most common cause of brain thrombosis
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
most common cause of brain embolism
|
mural thrombi
bubbles of air droplets of fat |
|
|
most common sites of brain infarct
|
carotid fiburcation
MCA |
|
|
most common sites of brian emboli
|
MCA
(not also carotid bifurcation, as in infarcts) |
|
|
pure motor lacular infarcts are associated with what location
|
internal capsule
motoring along in your capsulea |
|
|
pure sensory lacunar strokes are associated with
|
thalamus
thalamuSensory |
|
|
intracerebral hemorrhage associated with HTN
|
Charcot-Bouchard aneyrys
|
|
|
where does intracerebral hemorrhae usually happen
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basal ganglia/thalamus
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meningitis
numerous neutrophils decreased glucose increased protein |
;yogenic meningitis
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top causes of pyogenic meningitis in neonates and infants
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group B strep Agalactiae
E coli Listeria the Baby BELl Brain |
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top causes of pyogenic meningitis in older infants, children, young adults
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strep pneumo
Neisseria PN - post natal |
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top causes of pyogenic meningitis in older adults
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strep pneumo
gram negative rods Post being a GRAMma or GRAMpa, which can be a negative |
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what is Waterhouse Friderichsen
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in contect of Meningococcemia
hemorrhagic destruction of Adrenal Cortex Hypocorticism DIC Accountants Make Hard Decisions with Money |
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most frequent presentation of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent adults
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lymphadenitis
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Perivascular cuffing
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infiltrate of mononuclear cells within Virchow-Robin spaces
Meningoencephalitis and encephalitis |
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brain
perivascular cuffing inclusion bodies glial nodules |
meningoencephalitis and encephalitis
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which part of the spinal cord degenerates and necrosis in polio
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anterior horn cells
polio polo sit on the anterior horn of the horse |
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giant cells with eosinophilic inclusions in the brain
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CMV
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cerebellar degeneration
marked tremor ataxia slurred speech progressive mental deficiency death within a few months |
Kuru or Creutzfeldt Jakob
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cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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latered measles virus without M component (which mediates extracellular spread), so it moves lowly
SSP Slow Slow Progression - no M |
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viral infection that demyelinates oligodendrocytes rapidly
abnormal oligodendrocytes and astrocytes |
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
|
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multiple oligoclonal bands showing increased CSF immunoglobulin
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MS
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HLA A3, B7, DR2 DW 2
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MS
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scanning speech
intention tremor nystagmus |
MS
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demyelination of peripheral nerves
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Guillain Barre
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ascending muscle weakness and paralysis beginning in the lower part of the lower extremities and ascending upward; respiratory failure and eath acan occur but most patients recover
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Guillain Barre
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albumino-cytologic dissociation of CSF
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Guillain-Barre
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Hirano bodies
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Alzheimers
|
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intracytoplasmic proximal dendritic eosinophilic inclusions consisting of actin
|
hirano bodies in alzheirmers
|
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granulovacuolar degeneration in pyramidal cells of hippocampsu
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Alzheimers
intraneuronal cytoplasmic granule-containing vacuoles in pyramidal cells of hippocampus |
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swollen eosinophilic nerve cell processes occuring in spherical focal collections within the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
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neuritic senile plaques of AD
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generalized cerebral atrophy with moderate neuronal loss in frontal and hippocampal areas
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AD
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decreased number of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert
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Alzheimers
|
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dementia that is more frequent in women
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Pick
Women get picked on |
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cerebral atrophy with gliosis and losss of cortical neurons, especially in temporal and frontal lobes
|
Pick
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horn of Ammon
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particular site for Pick bodies in Pick disease
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brain areas affected in Hingtinton
|
CN
Putamen Frontal Cortex |
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spinal cord areas affected by ALC
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lateral corticospinal tracts and anterior motor neurons
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bad allele for ApoE
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epsilon 4
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nucleus basalis of Meynert
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Meynert was a CholMEYNer (coal miner)
site of cholinergic neurons in brain |
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confusion
ataxia opthalmoplegia |
Wernicke's triad
|
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parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension
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Shy-Drager
|
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MPTP (methyl-phenyl-tetrahydopyridine)
|
contaminant in illicit street drugs
may cause Parkinsons Makes Parkinsons Terribly Possible |
|
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infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy
manifests clinically in infancy |
Werdnig-Hoffmann syndrome
|
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main cause of conjunctivitis
|
adenovirus
|
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night blindness with progressive loss of central vision
|
retinitis pigmentosa
|
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difference between open angle adn angle closure glaucoma
|
open angle is most common form
angle-closure is from narrow anterior chamber angle |
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glaucoma that manifests as visual impairment leading to blindness
glaucoma that manifests in pupillary dilation |
open angle
vs angle closure |
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gene for retinoblastoma
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Rb
|
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gene that inspired the two hit hypothesis of Knudson
|
Rb
Remedial Bumb = 2nd hit |
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brain tumor that happens in convexities
|
meningioma
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brain tumor that is easily resectable
|
meningioma
|
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tumor in young kid's cerebellum
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medulloblastoma
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where does neuroblastoma happen in the brain
|
cerebral hemispheres
|
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brain tumor with fried egg appearance
|
oligodendroglioma
oligo all-egg-o |
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neoplasm in the fourth ventricle
|
ependymoma
|
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what cells does mningioma originate in
|
arachnoidals
|
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what is hemangioblastoma associated with
|
von Hippel Lindau
|
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what can hemangioblastomas cause
|
secondary polycythemia via EPO production
|
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what's the difference between Antoni A and B
|
Antoni - hearing tones - VIII - neurilemmomo
Antoni A is interlacing bundles of elongated cells with palisading nuclei B is looser and less cellular |
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what syndrome is neurfibroma a part of
|
Von Recklinghausen
|
|
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with what kind of study do you use odds ratio vs relative risk
|
odds for case control
relative risk for cohort |
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mean median and mode in positive skew
|
mean > median > mode
alphabetical order |
