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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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irreversible step of cell injury and its effects on cell
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Ca++ influx, leads to PM damage, nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyolysis) and mito permeability; all are irreversible!
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palpable purpura
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due to small vessel vasculitis, type III hypersensitivity
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what molecules cause the signs of inflammation
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rubor (histamine, art), calor (histamine, art), dolor (PGE2, bradykinin), tumor (histamine, venules)
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molecules involved in PMN rolling
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E/P-selectin on endothelium, binds to sialyl Lewis X on PMN
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molecules involved in tight binding of PMNs
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ICAM-1 on endothelium, LFA-1 (integrin) on PMN
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primary amyloidosis
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AL protein derived from Ig light chains, seen in multiple myeloma; systemic deposition including heart and kidney
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secondary amyloidosis
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AA protein derived from serum amyloid associated protein; seen in chronic inflammation (autoimmune, inffection); deposits in the kideny, liver, spleen; can present as renal insuf/nephrotic syndrome
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senile cardiac amyloid
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protein is transthyretin derived from AF
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DM type II amyloid
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protien is amylin derived from AE; deposits in the islet cells of pancreas
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medullary CA of thyroid amyloid
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protein is A-CAL derived from calcitonin; deposits in tumor but has unknown clinical consequences
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Alzheimer's amyloid
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protein is b-amyloid derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), causes dementia
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dialysis associated amyloid
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protein is b2-microglobulin derived from MHC I proteins; occurs long term; MSK problems most significant (arthropathy, fractures, etc)
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hypovolemic shock
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due to excessive fluid loss (blood, sweat); low output failure, decr CO (decr volume), incr TPR (vasoconstriction), incr HR; causes cold/clammy skin
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cardiogenic shock
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often due to MI, decr CO (decr force of contraction of LV), incr LV end diastolic pressure (blood accumulates in heart), incr TPR, incr HR; cold clammy skin
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septic shock
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cytokines/histamine cause vasodilation (decr TPR), this allows blood flow to incr (incr CO) but tissues are unable to extract much O2 since its moving so fast, decr LV end disatolic pressure due to pulmonary edema; warm skin
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tumor grade
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degree of cellular differentiation based on histiologic appearance
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tumor stage
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localization/spread, usually has more prognostic value than grade; TMN (size of tumore, mets, nodes)
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carcinoma vs. sarcoma
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carcinoma implies epithelial origin where as sarcoma implies mesenchymal
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angiomyolipoma
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kidney hamartoma with BVs, muscle and adipose
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CEA marker
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not very specific but produced by many colorectal and pancreatic CA; also gastric and breast
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CA-125 marker
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ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
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S-100
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melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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TRAP
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hairy cell leukemia
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HTLV-1 is associated with which CA
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adult T-cell leukemia
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EBV is associated with which CAs
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Hodkins, oral hairy leukoplakia, Burkitt's, nasopharyngeal
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HHV=8 is associated with what
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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nitrosamines (found in smoked food) incr risk of which CA
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esophageal and stomach
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aniline dies incr risk for which CA
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transitional cell CA of the bladder
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arsenic incr risk of which CA
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SCC of skin, angiosarcoma of liver
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which tumors can secrete PTHrp
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SCC of lung, renal cell CA, breast CA
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which CAs can secrete EPO
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renal cell CA, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheo
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which tumors can cause Lambert-Eaton
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thymoma, small cell lung CA
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tumors which have psammoma bodies
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papillary CA of thyroid, serous cystadenoCA of ovary, meningioma, mesothelioma
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top 5 tumors which met to the brain
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lung, breast, skin melanoma, renal cell CA, GI
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most common sites of mets (2)
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liver and lung
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top 5 tumors that met to liver
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colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung
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top 5 tumors that met to bone
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prostate (blastic), thyroid, testes, breast (lytic and blastic), lung (lytic), kidney
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CA with highest incidence as well as CA with highest mortality in males
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prostate has highest incidence, lung has highest mortality
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CA with highest incidence as well as CA with highest mortality in females
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breast has highest incidence, lung has highest mortality
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which 2 tissue types are immune to CA invasion
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cartilage and elastic tissue
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retinoblastoma
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presents as a white halo around the eye; can be hereditary (mult tumors) or spontaneous (1 tumor in 1 eye, later in life)
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