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431 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe: Anabolism
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metabolic process in which the simple molecules are combined to create the complex molecules needed for tissue and organ growth (nucleic acid, polysaccharides, amino acids)
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Describe: Catabolism
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metabolic process in which complex materials are broken down in the body for the purpose of creating and releasing heat and energy. (proteins, lipids)
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what are the non-modifiable risk factors for development of low bone mass
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age / early menapause / history of previous history / slender build / family history / Asian or caucasian
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what are the modifiable risk factors for development of low bone mass
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insufficient dietary intake of Vitamin D and calcium / estrogen deficiency / smoking / alcohol use more than 2 a day / caffeine intake more than 2 a day / sedentary lifestyle
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what do the endrocine and nervous system work together to regulate
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metabolism / response to stress / sexual reproduction / blood pressure / water balance / salt balance
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Key functions of the endocrine system
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secreting cells send hormones through the bloodstream to signal specific target cells / Hormones diffuse into the blood and travel long distances to virtually every area of the body / regulatory effects are slow and tend to last for long periods
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Key functions of the Nervous system
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Neurons secrete NT to signal nearby cells that have an appropriate receptor site / NT are sent very short distances across a synapse / regulatory effects appear rapidly and are often short lived
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Hypothalamus role in endocrine system
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connected to the pituitary gland through the infundibular or pituitary stalk. Responsible for regulation of the autonomic nervous system, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, blood pressure.
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Describe pituitary gland
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located just inferior to hypothalamus / consists of two glands / the master gland / secrets endorphins that act on the nervous system and reduce a person's sensitivity to pain / controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones.
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Describe thyroid gland
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located on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea just below the larynx / produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine that control rate at which cells burn the fuel from food.
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Describe parathyroid gland
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4 parathyroid glands / produce parathyroid hormone / functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
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purpose of parathyroid hormone
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increases the reabsorption of calcium and phophate from bones to the blood. Secretion of parathyroid hormone is stimulated by hypocalcemia and inhibited by hypercalcemia.
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Describe adrenal glands
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located on top of each kidney / produces corticosteriods that will regulate water and sodium balance / body's reponse to stress / the immune system / sexual development and function / metabolism / increase HR and BP with stress (adrenal medulla)
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Describe pancreas
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includes endocrine and exocrine tissues / hormones work in combination to ensure a consistent level of glucose within the blood stream and maintain store of energy within the body
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what are the hormone producing cells of the pancreas
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islets of langerhans
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Describe ovaries
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provide estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
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what types of effects can steroid hormones have
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involved with inflammation / pain mechanisms / vasodilation / vasoconstrction / nutrient metabolism / blood clotting
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what molecules are considered catecholamines
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epinephrine / norepinephrine and dopamine
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what effects do catecholamines have
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increase cardiac contraction / constriction of BV / activation of glycogen breakdown / blocking of insulin secretion / increases metabolic rate . dilates the airways of the lungs
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what is a common peptide hormone
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insulin
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what secrets insulin
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beta cells of islets of Langerhans
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when is insulin released
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elevation in the level of blood glucose. The insulin produces an increase in cellular uptake of glucose of metabolism
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what is the purpose of insulin
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stimulate mm and lived to store glucose,
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general SXS of endocrine dysfunction in the following system:
neuromuscular |
mm weakness / periarthristis / myalgia / arthralgia / stiffness / OA / mm atrophy / adhesive capsulities
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general SXS of endocrine dysfunction in the following system:
systemic |
polydipsia / growth dysfunction / skin pigmentation dysfunction / polyuria / increased vital signs / hair dysfunction / nervousness / anxiety
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what hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus
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growth hormone-releasing hormone / growth hormone-inhibiting hormone / Gonadotroping-releasing hormone / Thyrotopin-releasing hormone / Corticotropin-releasing hormone / prolactin-releasing hormone / prolactin-inhibitory factor
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what is the function of the following hormone:
growth hormone-releasing hormone |
increases the release of growth hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone:
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone |
decreases the release of growth hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone:
Gonadotroping-releasing hormone |
increases the release of luteinizing hormone and collicle-stimulating hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone:
thyrotopin-releasing hormone |
increases the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone:
corticotropin-releasing hormone |
increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone:
prolactin-releasing hormone |
stimulates the release of prolactin
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what is the function of the following hormone:
prolactin-inhibitory factor |
decrease the release of prolactin
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what hormones are in the pituitary
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growth hormone / follicle-stimulating hormone / Luteinzing hormone / Thyroid-stimulating hormone / Adrenocorticotropic hormone / Prolactin / Oxytocin / antidiuretic hormone
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what is the function of the following hormone: growth hormone
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promotes growth & development. increases the rate of protein synthesis
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what is the function of the following hormone:
follicle-stimulating hormone |
promotes follicular development and the creation of estrogen synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males
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what is the function of the following hormone:
Luteinzing hormone |
promotes ovulation along with estrogen / progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males
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what is the function of the following hormone:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
increases cortisol synthesis
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what is the function of the following hormone: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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increases cortisol synthesis (adrenal steriods)
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what is the function of the following hormone: Prolactin
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allows for the process of lacation
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what is the function of the following hormone: oxytocin
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increases contraction of uterine mm; promotes release of milk from mammary glands
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what is the function of the following hormone: antidiureti hormone
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increases water reabsorption / conserves water / increaes blood pressure through stimulating contraction of mm in small arteries
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what hormones are in the adrenal cortex
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androgen / aldosterone / cortisol
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what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex
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androgen / aldosterone / cortisol
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what is the function of the following hormone:
androgen |
increases maculinization; promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
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what is the function of the following hormone:
aldosterone |
increases re-absorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood; increases excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
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what is the function of the following hormone: cortisol
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influences metabolism of food moelcules; antiinflammatory effect in large amounts
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what are the hormones of the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine, norephinephrine
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what is the function of the following hormone: epinephrine
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increases HR and force of contraction; increases energy production; vasodilation in skeletal mm
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what is the function of the following hormone: norepinephrine
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vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal mm..
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what hormones are in the ovaries
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estrogen / progesterone
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what is the function of estrogen and progesterone
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involved in regulation of the female, reproductive system and female sexual characteristics
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what hormones are in the pancreas
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glucagon / insulin
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what is the function of the following hormone: glucagon
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increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
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what is the function of the following hormone: insulin
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decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
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what hormones are in the parathyroid
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parathormone
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what is the function of the following hormone: parathormone
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increases blood calcium
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What hormones are in the testes
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testosterone
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what is the function of the following hormone: testosterone
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involved in the process of spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics
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what hormones are in the thyroid
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Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), calcintonin
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what is the function of the following hormone: T3 and T4
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involved with normal development; increases cellular level metabolism
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what is the function of the following hormone: calcitonin
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increases calcium storage in bone, decreases blood calcium levels
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what would cause hyperfunction of the endocrine gland
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overstimulation of the pituitary gland, can occur due to hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland itself
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what can lead to hypofunction of the endocrine gland
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understimulation of pituitary gland.
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Define hypopituitarism
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decreased or absent hormonal secretion form anterior pituitary gland.
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what are conditions associated with hypopituitarism
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dwarfism, delayed growth and puberty, sexual and reproductive disorders and diabetes insipidus
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Define hyperthyrodism
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occurs when there is an excessive secretion of one more hormones.
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what are conditions associated with hyperpituitarism
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gigantism (acromegaly), hirustism, galactorhhea, infertility, impotence
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Describe Type I DM
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Insulin-dependent, Juvenille diabetes, onset; usually less than 25 y/o / abrupt onset / 5-10% of all cases / destruction of islet of langerhands cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral causative factor / insulin production: very little or none / ketacidosis can occur / treatment includes insulin injection, exercise and diet. Etiology: destruction of islet of Langerhands cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral causative factor
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Describe Type II DM
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usually >40 y/o / gradual onset / 90-95% of all cases / insluin production are variable / Ketoacidosis will rarely occur / tx includes weight loss, oral insulin, exercise and diet. Etiology: resistance at insluin receptor sites usually secondary to obesity, ethnic prevalence
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what is the most common cause of male hypogonadism
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Klinefelter's syndrome
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what are characteristics of males who experience male hypogonadism prior to puberty
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sparse body hair / underdevelopment of skeletal mm / long arms and legs secondary to delay in the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates
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what are the characteristics of males who experience male hypogonsism after puberty
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decreased libido / erectile dysfunction / infertility / decreased / cognitive skills / mood changes / sleep disturbances
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For women what is the most common cause of female hypogonadism
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Turner syndrome
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what are characteristics of males who experience female hypogonadism prior to puberty
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gondal dysgeneses, a short stature, failure to progress through puberty or primary amenorrhea and premature gondal failure
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what are the characteristics of males who experience female hypogonsism after puberty
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secondary amenorrhea
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action of hormone replacement agent
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restore normal endocrine function when endogenous production of a particular hormone is deficient or absent
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indications of hormone replacement agent
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decrease in endogenous hormone secretion
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side effects of hormone replacement agent
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vary by exogenous or synthetic hormone replacement used for tx
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implications for PT for hormone replacement agent
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SXS of hormone deficit and SE of hormone therapy
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action of hyperfunction agents
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agents manage hyperactive endrocrine function to allow for inhibition of hormone function.
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Indications of hyperfunction agents
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excessive endocrine function
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SE of hyperfunction agents
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vary depending on use
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implications of hyperfunction agents
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SXS of hyperfunction of particular hormones and SE of agents
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Action of bone mineral regulating agents
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attempt to enhance and maximize bone mass along with preventing bone loss of rate of bone reabsorption.
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Indications of bone mineral regulating agents
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Pagent's disease, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, hypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia
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SE of bone mineral regulating agents
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GI distress, dyspepsia, dysphagia, anorexia, bone pain, cardiac arrhythmias
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implications of bone mineral regulating agents
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pts with bone mineralization deficit are at risk for fx and SE from drug therapy.
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Examples of bone mineral regulating agents
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Estrogens, premarin, calcium and vitamin D, turns, Calderol, Biphosphonates, fosamax, bonsive, calcitonin
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Function of the following region:
mouth |
initiation of mechanical and cehmical digestion
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Function of the following region: esophagus
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transports food from the mouth to the stomach
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Function of the following region: stomach
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grinding of food, sercets hormones that release digestive enzymes from the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder to assist with digestion
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Function of the following region: duodenum
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neutralizes acid in food from stomach and mixes pancreatic and billary secretions with food
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Function of the following region: Jejunum
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absorbs water, electrolytes, and nurtients
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Function of the following region: lleum
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absorbs bile and intrinsic factors to be recycled
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Function of the following region: colon (all regions)
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continues to absorbs water and electrolytes
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Function of the following region: gallbladder
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stores and releases bile into duodenum to assists with digestation
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Function of the following region: liver
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assists with RBC and vitamin K production, regulates serum level of carbs, proteins and fats and produce bile
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Function of the following region: pancreas
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secretes exocrine bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into duodenum, secrets insulin, glucagon and other hormones into the blood to regulate serum glocose level
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: esophagus
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hiatial hernia / GERD / esophageal CA / dysphagia / esophageal carices / Barrett's esophagus
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: stomach
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Gastritis / peptic ulcer disease / gastric CA / GI hemorrhage, motility and emply disorder
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: intestines
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malabsorption syndrome / appenditicitis / IBS / Crohn's disease / ulcerative colitis / colon cancer / intestinal hernia / diverticular disease
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: Rectum and anus
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rectal or anal CA / hemorrhoids / anorectal / rectal fissure
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: gallbladder
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gall stones, cholecystitis, gall bladder CA
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: liver
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Cirrhosis / jaundice / hepatitis A, B, C. D, E, G ) ascities, hepatic encephalopathy, liver VA, hepatomegaly
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following region: pancrease
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pancreatitis, DM, pancreatic cancer
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action of antacid agents
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are used to chemically neutralize gastric acid and increase the intragastric pH.
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what are primary antacids are classified as
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aluminum-containing, calcium carbonate-containing, magnesium-containing or sodium bicarbonate-containing.
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Indications of antacid agents
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episodic minor gastroc indigestion or heartburn, peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease
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SE of antacid agents
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acid rebound phenomenon, constipation or diarrhea, may affect metabolism of other meds, electrolyte imbalance
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Examples of antacid agents
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Tagement, pepcid, zantac
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action of proton pump inhibitors
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inhibit H+/K+ -ATPase enzyme that blocks secretions of acid from gastric cells into the stomach. Prevent erosive esophagitis and may also posses antibacterial effects against H. Pylori
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Indications of proton pump inhibitors
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dyspepsia, GERD
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SE of proton pump inhibitors
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acid rebound phenomenon when discontinued after prolonged use
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Examples of proton pump inhibitors
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Prevacid, Nexiu Prilosec, Protonix, AcipHex
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action of anticholinergic
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block the effects of acetylcholine on parietal cells in the stomach and decrease the release of gastric acid
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Indications of anticholinergic
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gastric ulcers
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SE of anticholinergic
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dry mouth, confusion, constipation, urinary retention
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Examples of anticholinergic
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gastrozepin, muscarinic cholinergic antagonist
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indications of antibiotics
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H. pylori bacteria
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SE of antibiotics
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hypersensitivity, diarrhea, nausea
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Examples of antibiotics
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metronidazole / tetracycline / clarithromycin / amoxicillin
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Action of Antidiarrheal agents
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used to slow the serious debilitating effects of dehydration associated with prolonged diarrhea
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Indications of Antidiarrheal agents
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prolonged diarrhea
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SE of Antidiarrheal agents
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constipation, abdominal discomfort
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Examples of Antidiarrheal agents
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Donnagel, Kapectolin, Pepto-Bismol, Motofen, Imodium
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SE of laxative
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nauesea, abdominal discomfort, cramping, electrolyte imbalance, dehydrate, dependence with prolonged use
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Examples of laxative
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Citrucel, metamucil, colace, Fleet Glycerin suppository, Phillips Milk of Magnesia, correctol, Senkot
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Action of Emetic
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are used to induce vomiting
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indications of Emetic
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induce vomiting; usually after ingestation of a toxic substance
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SE of Emetic
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with inappropriate or prolonged usage dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and upper GI erosion may occur
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Examples of Emetic
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ampomorphine, ipecac
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Action of antiemetic
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are used to decrease symptoms of N/V
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indications of antiemetic
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motion sickness, anesthesia, pain or oncology treatments
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SE of antiemetic
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can include sedation, dysrythmias and pain
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Indications for PT of antiemetic
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frequently cause sedative effects
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Examples of antiemetic
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Scopolamine, Meclizine, Dolasetron, Phenergan
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what are potential etiologies associated with left upper quadrant
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gastric ulcer / perforated colon / pneumonia / spleen injury / spleen rupture / aortic aneursym
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what are potential etiologies associated with right upper quadrant
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hepatomegaly / duodenal ulcer / cholecystitis / pneumonia / hepatitis / biliary stones
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what are potential etiologies associated with left lower quadrant
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perforated colon / ileitis / sigmoid diverticulitis / kidney stone / ureteral stone / interstinal obstruction
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what are potential etiologies associated with right lower quadrant
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kidney stone / ureteral stone / mecke diverticulum / appendicitis / cholecystitis / intertinal obstruction
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what are the mm that make up the pelvic diaphragm
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levantor ani / pubococcygeus / puborectalis / illiococcygeus / coccygeus
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what are the mm that make up the urogenital diaphragm
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deep transverse perineal, urethrae sphincter
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what are the mm that make up the urogenital triangle
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female: bulbocavernosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal.
Male: internal and sphincter, external anal sphincter |
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what are the mm that make up the anal triangle
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internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter
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Function of kidneys
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remove water, salt and metabolic waste from blood through exretion of urine / regulation of electrolyte concentrations / control of blood volume / regulation of BP through the control of hormones secreted into the bloodstream
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Functions of ureters
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muscular tubes connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder to transport urine
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: uterus
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cervical cancer, endometriosis, uterine prolapse
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: vagina
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dyspareunia, vulvodynia, vulvovaginal candidiasis
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: prostate
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prostatitis, prostate cancer
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: penis
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erectile dysfunction
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: kidneys
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glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, renal failure
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what are the common pathologies associated with the following: bladder
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cystole, dysuria, hematuria, interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder, nocturia, polyuria, urgency, frequency, urinary incontinence, UTI
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Relative contraindications to exercise during pregnancy
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severe anemia / unevaluated maternal cardiac dysrhythmia / chronic bronchitis / poorly controlled type 1 diabetes / extreme morbid obesity / extreme under weight (BMI <12), history of extremely sedentary lifestyle, intrauterine growth restriction in current pregnancy / poorly controlled hypertension / orthopedic / poorly controlled seizure disorder / poorly controlled hyperthroidism / heavy smoker
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absolute contraindications to exercise during pregnancy
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hemodynamically significant heart disease / restrictive lung disease / incompentent cervix/cervlage / multiple gestation at risk for premature labor / persistent second or third trimester bleeding / placenta previa after 26 wks of gestation / premature labor during the current pregnancy / ruptured membranes / preeclampsia / pregnancy-induced hypertension
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what position she pregnant women avoid (and when)
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avoid supine after first trimester
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how much caloric intake should pregnant women have
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300 cal a day
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what is the position of choice for women you are pregnant
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left sidelying
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action of overactive bladder agents
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involuntary contractions of the bladder *detrusor mm"
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indications of overactive bladder agents
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urinary urgency, urinary frequency, urge incontinence, nocturia
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SE of overactive bladder agents
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GI distress, nausea, dizziness, photosenitivity, HA, constipation, pulmonary reactions
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Examples of overactive bladder agents
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Ditropan, Detrol
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Action of urinary anti-infective agents
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treat UTI
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Indications of urinary anti-infective agents
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cystitis, urinary urgency, burning with urination, UTI, nocturia
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SE of urinary anti-infective agents
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GI distress, nausea, dizziness, photosensitivity, HA, constipation, rash
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examples of urinary anti-infective agents
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Cinobac, Furadantin
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Define: Anuria
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inadequate urine output in a 24 hour period; less than 100 ml (severe dehydration, shock, end-stage renal disease)
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Define: Benign prostatic hypertrophy
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a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that is prgoressive. common in males over 60 and can interfere with normal voiding
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Define: Cystocele
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bulging of the bladder into the vagina
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Define: Ectopic
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implantation of a fertilized ovum outside of the uterus
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Define: Endometrium
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inner lining of the uterus that is shed monthly in response to hormonal influence
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Define: glomerulus
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specialized tuft of capillaries that are needed for filtration of fluid as blood passes through the arterioles of the kidneys
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Define: Hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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what can hematuria be a sign of
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cancer, faulty cathereization, serious disease
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Define: Myometrium
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muscular outer layer of the uterus
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Define: Nephrolithiasis
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condition of developing kidney stones. Various types of crystal formations that create stone.
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Define:Nocturia
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urinary frequency at night
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what can nocturia be signs of
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diabetes, CHF
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Define: Oliguria
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inadequate urine output in a 24 hour period; less than 400 ml
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what can Oliguria be a sign of
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acute renal failure, diabetes mellitus
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Define: Polyuria
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large volume of urine excreted at one time
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what can polyuria be a sign of
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diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure
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Define: Perimetrium
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serous peritoneal coat of the uterus
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Define: Radical mastectomy
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surgical procedure in which the entire breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes and some skin are removed usually secondary to breast cancer
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Define: Rectocele
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bulging of the anterior wall of the rectum into the vagina secondary to weakening of the pelvic supporting structures
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Define: Seminiferous tubules
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coiled tubes found within each lobe of the testes where spermatogenesis takes place
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Define: Urea
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major nitrogen-containing red product of protein metabolism normally cleared from the blood by the kidney into to urine
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Define: Urinary frequency
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voiding more than 8 times in a 24 hour period. Etiology may include overactive bladder, reduced bladder capacity, painful bladder syndrome or increased urine output caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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Define: urinary urgency
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sudden desire to urinate that is stronger than usual and difficult to defer. Etiology may include detrusor overactivity, bladder infection, inflammation or the presence of foreign body such as stone or tumors. Urgency may lead to urinary urge incontinence.
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what are the risk factors for cancer (12)
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increasing age / tobacco use / alcohol use / gender / virus exposure / environmental influence / poor diet / stress / occupational hazards / ethinic background / genetic influence / sexual behavior
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what is the most common cancer
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carcinoma (80%)
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what does C.A.U.T.I.O.N. stand for?
|
C= change in bowel/bladder
A= a sore that does not heal U=unusal bleeding/discharge T=thickening/lump develops I=indigestion or difficulty swallowing O=obvious change in wart/mole N=nagging cough/hoarseness |
|
|
what is primary prevention for cancer
|
screening for high risk popultion / elimination of modifiable risk factors / use of natural agents to prevent cancer / cancer vaccine
|
|
|
what is the secondary prevention for cancer
|
early detection / selective preventative pharmacological agents / multifactoral risk reduction
|
|
|
what is the tertiary prevention for cancer
|
prevent disability that can occur secondary to cancer and its treatment / manage symptoms / limit complications
|
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected:
epithelium |
Tumor= carcinoma / glandular tissue-adenocarcinoma.
Effects= skin / lining of internal cavity / mucous / lining of bladder |
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected: pigmented cells
|
Tumor = malignant melanoma
Effects= moles |
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected:
connective tissue |
Tumor= sarcoma / fibrosarcoma / liposarcoma / chondrosarcoma / osteosarcoma / hemangiosarcoma / leiomyosarcoma / rhabdomyosarcoma
Effects= striated muscle / blood vessles / bone / cartilage / fat / smooth muscle |
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected: Nerve tissue
|
Tumor= astrocytoma / glioma / neurilemic sarcoma / neuroblastoma / retinoblastoma
Effects= brain / nerves / spinal cord / retina |
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected: Lymphoid tissues
|
Tumor= lymphoma
Effects= lymph nodes / spleen / stomach / intestines / skin / CNS / bone / tonsils |
|
|
For the following tissue classification what is the TUMOR classification and what is effected: Hematopoietic
|
Tumor = leukema / myelodysplasia / myelodysplasia / myeloproliferative syndromes / multiple myeloma
Effects= bone marrow / plasma cells |
|
|
what are some of the diagnositc tools for cancer
|
family history / physical examination / radiography / CT scan / bone scan / stool guaiac / pap smear / blood tests / biopsy / mammography / endoscopy / isotope scan
|
|
|
Define: Stage 0
|
early malignancy that is present only in the layer of cells in which it began. For most cancers, this is referred to as carcinoma in situ. Not all cancers have a stage 0.
|
|
|
Define: Stage 1
|
malignancy limited to the tissue of origin with no lymph node involvement or metastasis
|
|
|
Define: Stage 2
|
malignancy spreading into adjacent tissues; lymph nodes may show signs of micrometastases
|
|
|
Define: Stage 3
|
malignancy that has spread to adjacent tissue showing signs of fixation to deeper structures. The likelihood of metastatic lymph node involvement is high.
|
|
|
Define: Stage 4
|
malignancy that has metastasized beyond the primary site, for example, to bone to another organ
|
|
|
what is the difference between clinical staging and pathologic staging
|
clinical staging is based on physical exam, lab values, imaging testing and biopsy. Pathologic staging is based on tissue finding during surgery. Pathologic staging is more precise
|
|
|
what are SE of surgery to tx cancer
|
fatigue / pain / deformity / scar tissue formation / infection
|
|
|
what does radiation do
|
destroys the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands of malignant cells.
|
|
|
What are SE of radiation to tx cancer
|
HA, bone marrow suppression, skin reactions, neuropathy, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, urinary frequency, diarrhea, delayed wound healing and infection
|
|
|
why are skin tattoos important to NOT alter during therapy
|
skin tattoos are used to guide beam alignment during external beam radiation.
|
|
|
how long is massage and heat contraindicated over irradiated areas
|
minimum of 12 months
|
|
|
name some chemotherapeutic agents
|
alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, steroid hormones, plant alkaloid agents, interferons, antitumor antibiotics.
|
|
|
Common SE of chemotherapeutic drugs
|
nausea / vomiting / electrolyte imbalance / sexual dysfunction / hair loss / pain / decrease in RBC, WBC and platelet counts
|
|
|
Define: Biotherapy
|
used to change the relationship between the host and the malignancy
|
|
|
what are common agents for biotherapy
|
interferons / interleukin 2 / bone marrow transplant / stem cell transplant / mnoclonal antibodies / hormonal therapy / colony-stimulating factors
|
|
|
what are common SE of biotherapy
|
fever / chills / nausea / vomiting / anorexia / CNS issue / inflammatory reactions / leukopenia / fatigue
|
|
|
Define: antiangiogenic therapy
|
use of thalidomide and its suppression of blood supply formation in order to stop the mass. Has had some success with multiple myeloma
|
|
|
what are examples of hormones used to treat cancer
|
anti-estrogens / aromatase inhibitors / progestins / estrogens / antiandrogens / corticosteriods.
|
|
|
what interventions are used for palliative treatment of cancer
|
radiation, chemotherapy, physical therapy, chiropractic care, acupuncture, alternative and homeopathic medicines, relaxation, biofeedback, pharmacological intervention and hospice
|
|
|
action of alkylating agents
|
bind DNA strands together to prevent replication.
|
|
|
Indications of alkylating agents
|
malignancies
|
|
|
Implications for PT of alkylating agents
|
SE extreme fatigue / GI distress / blood disorders and extreme pain
|
|
|
Examples of alkylating agents
|
mustargen, busulfex, leukeran
|
|
|
action of antimetabolite agents
|
impair biosynethesis of genetic material and interrupt the cellular pathways that synthesize DNA and RNA. These great an impostor to the endogenous metabolistes within the body to form a nonfunctional genetic product that is incapable of reproduction.
|
|
|
Indications of antimetabolite agents
|
various malignancies, particularly rapidly dividing neoplastic cells
|
|
|
Implications of antimetabolite agents
|
SE extreme fatigue / GI distress / blood disorders and extreme pain
|
|
|
Examples of antimetabolite agents
|
Leustatin / adrucil / fludara / trexall
|
|
|
action of antibiotic agents
|
ability to interfer with RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent cell division
|
|
|
Indications of antibiotic agents
|
various malignancies
|
|
|
SE of antibiotic agents
|
SOB / dysrhythmias / blood disorders / myelosuppresion / pedal edema
|
|
|
implications for PT of antibiotic agents
|
extreme fatigue / GI distress / pain / blood disorders
|
|
|
Examples of antibiotic agents
|
Adriamycin, mithracin, cosmegen
|
|
|
action of plant alkaloid agents
|
directly target the replication process prior to and during mitosis to inhibit cell division.
|
|
|
indications of plant alkaloid agents
|
various malignancies
|
|
|
implications of plant alkaloid agents
|
extreme fatigue / GI distress / pain / blood disorders
|
|
|
Examples of plant alkaloid agents
|
oncovin / taxotere / taxol
|
|
|
Action of hormones
|
used in adjunct of other therapies to attenuate
|
|
|
indications of hormones
|
various malignancies, particularly hormone sensitive neoplasms
|
|
|
SE of hormones
|
masculization in women, hot flashes, gneral catabolic effects
|
|
|
implications for PT of hormones
|
extreme fatigue / pain, GI distress / blood disorders
|
|
|
Examples of hormones
|
nolvadex / Lupron / Casodex
|
|
|
action of biologic response modiifer agents
|
enhances body's response to neoplastic growth
|
|
|
Indications of biologic response modiifer agents
|
leukemias / lymphomas / Kaposi sarcoma / organ and tissue malignancies and other various malignancies
|
|
|
implications for PT of biologic response modiifer agents
|
extreme fatigue / GI distress / cancer pain / blood disorders
|
|
|
Examples of biologic response modiifer agents
|
Proleukin / Avastin / Intron-A
|
|
|
Action of heavy metal compounds
|
inhibit DNA translation and replication
|
|
|
Indications of heavy metal compounds
|
ovarian cancer / testicular cancer / bladder cancer / epithelial malignancies / various malignancies
|
|
|
Implications of heavy metal compounds
|
extreme fatigue / GI distress / cancer pain / blood disorders
|
|
|
Examples of heavy metal compounds
|
platinol, paraplatin, eloxantin
|
|
|
Define: Adjuvant
|
treatment provided, in addition to other cure-focused interventions, with the intention of preventing cancer reoccurence
|
|
|
Define: benign neoplasm
|
abnormal cell growth that is usually slow growing and harmless, closely resembling the composition of adjacent tissues
|
|
|
Define: dysplasia
|
an abnormal development of cells or tissues that is often an early sign of neoplasia
|
|
|
Define: hyperplasia
|
increase in cell number that may be normal or abnormal depending on additional characteristics
|
|
|
Define: malignant neoplasm
|
abnormal uncontrolled cell growth that invades and destroys adjacent tissues and may metastasize to other sites and systems of the body
|
|
|
Define: metaplasia
|
change in a cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal
|
|
|
Define: neoadjuvant
|
chemotherapy or radiation given prior to surgical oncology intervention
|
|
|
what are affective disorders characterized as
|
states of extreme happiness or sadness occur and mood can alternate without cause
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Depression |
slower mental activity / slower physical activity / poor self esteem / immobilized from everyday activities / sadness / hopelessness / helplessness / desire to withdraw / delusions in severe cases
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Mania |
constantly active / impulses immediately expressed / unrealistic activity / elation / self-confidence / disagreement with a pt may produce pt aggression / disorganized thoughts and speech / very few pts are dx with only a manic disorder
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Bipolar |
alternating periods of depression and mania / females have increased risk
|
|
|
Describe Neuroses disorders
|
indiviudual exhibits hear and maladaptive strategies in dealing with stressful or everyday stimuli. DO NOT have delusions, NOT dealing with psychosis and are aware they have a problem
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: Obsessive-compulsive disorder
|
persistent thoughts that will not leave / compulsions- repetitive ritual behaviors the pt can't stop performing to the point of interfering with daily life / unable to control irrational behavior / most commonly begins in young adulthodd
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: anxiety disorder
|
constant high tension / overreacts in certain instances / presents with apprehension or chronic worry / may have acute anxiety attacks
|
|
|
Describe an acute anxiety attack
|
lasts a few minutes in duration / excitation of the sympathetic AND / fear of impending doom or death / SOB / heart palpitations / dizziness / nausea / initiated by unconscious and internal mechanisms
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Phobia disorder |
excessive fear of objects, occurences or sitauation that are out of proportion / fear interfers with daily life / may develop from traumatic experiences, observation, classical conditioning
|
|
|
subclassifications can include
|
agoraphobia / social phobia / simple phobia
|
|
|
what are dissociative disorders
|
develop when a person unconsciously dissociates one part of the mind from the rest
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Psyhogenic amnesia |
produced by the mind with no physical cause / forgets all aspect of past
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Multiple personality |
2 or more Independent personalities / each personality may or may not know about the other / causative factors are NOT known
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
somatzation disorder |
primarily in women had family association and often chronic / c/o symptoms with no physiological basis / resembles hypochondriasis disorder
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: conversion disorder
|
physical c/o neurological basis with no underlying cause / paralysis is the most common finding; other findings include deafness, blindness, paresthesia / Freud believed it was mental anxiety transformed into physical symptoms / dx can be made once testing was negative for physical ailments
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Hypochondriasis disorders |
excessive fear of illness / believes that minor illnesses or medical problems indicate a serious or life threatening disease
|
|
|
Define Schizophrenia disorders
|
psychotic in nature and present with disorganization of thought, hallucinations, emotional dysfunction, anxiety, perceptual impairments
|
|
|
what are causative factors of schizophrenia disorders
|
traumatic events / genetic inheritence / biochemical imbalances / environment
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: catatonic schizophrenia
|
motor disturbances with rigid posturing / episodes consist of uncontrolled mvmnts, however pts remain aware during episodes / meds are required to regulate episodes
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: paranoid schizophrenia
|
delusions of granduer, delusions of persecution / may believe the possess power
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder:
Disorganized schizophrenia |
usually progressive and irreversible with inappropriate emotional responses, mumbled talking
|
|
|
Define personality disorders
|
classified by observing a pt's pattern of behavior, dysfuncitonal view of society, and level of sadness
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: psychopathic personality
|
low morality / poor sense of responsibility / no respect for others / impulsive behaviors for immediate gratification / high frustration / little guilt or remorse / inability to atler behavior even with punishment / expert liar
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: antisocial behavior
|
results from particular cause / typically has some concern for others / blames other instiutions / symptoms typically seen by 16 / violates rights of others / lacks responsibility / lacks emotional stability
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: narcissistic behavior
|
incapable of loving others / self-absorbed / obsessed with success and power / unrealistic perception of self-importance
|
|
|
Describe the following psychological disorder: borderline behavior
|
instability in all aspect of life / can identify self from others / uses projection, denial, defensivenss, unpredictable mood or behavior / intense and uncontrolled anger, chronic feelings of emptiness
|
|
|
action of antianxiety drugs
|
target CNS through facilitating effects of GABA or tragetting dopamine and serotonin within the brain.
|
|
|
what are TYPES of antianxiety drugs
|
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiapeines, azapirones
|
|
|
indications of antianxiety drugs
|
general anxiety disorders, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, PTSS
|
|
|
SE of antianxiety drugs
|
drowsiness / sedation / withdrawal symptoms / rebound anxiety
|
|
|
implications for PT of antianxiety drugs
|
can implement alternative methods to decrease stress and anxiety
|
|
|
Examples of antianxiety drugs
|
Benxodiaxepines: Xanax / Valium / Ativan
Azapirones: BuSpar SSRI: effexor, paxil |
|
|
Types of antidepressant agents
|
MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor), SSRI
|
|
|
Indications of antidepressant agents
|
depression / anxiety disorders
|
|
|
SE of antidepressant agents
|
sedation / blurred vision / tachycardiac / dry mouth / insomnia / weight gain / sexual dysfunction / orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
Examples of antidepressant agents
|
tricyclics: Elavil, Pamelor
MAOI: Nardil, SSRI: wellburtin, prozac, paxil |
|
|
actions of antipsychotic agents
|
most block dopamine receptors and reduce overactivity of dopamine.
|
|
|
Indications of antipsychotic agents
|
schizophrenia / various psychotic disorders / Alzheimer's disease
|
|
|
SE of antipsychotic agents
|
increased extrapyramidal side effects (motor) / tardive dyskinesia / pseudoparkinsonism, akathsia / sedation / constipation / dry mouth / diabetes mellitus / hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
Implications for PT of antipsychotic agents
|
be aware of SE and if the patient is no longer taking medicines
|
|
|
Examples of antipsychotic agents
|
Traditional: Haldol, Thoraxine
Typical: Risperdal, Abilify |
|
|
Action of bipolar disorder agents
|
focus on prevention of manic episodes to avoid extreme mood swings.
|
|
|
Indications of bipolar disorder agents
|
bipolar or manic-depressive disorders
|
|
|
SE of bipolar disorder agents
|
GI distress / tardive dyskinesia / fatigue / confusion / ataxia / nystagmus / lethargy / tremor / parkinsonism / seizures / diabetes / toxcity / comma / risk of deaht
|
|
|
Examples of bipolar disorder agents
|
lithodid (lithum) ( most common)
Antipsychotics: Cloazril, Rispedal Antiseizures: Tegretol / neurontin |
|
|
action of sedative hypnotic agents (benzodiazipine)
|
increase inhibitory effects of the CNS synapses where GABA is found
|
|
|
action of sedative hypnotic agents
(non-benzodiaxepine) |
provide CNS depression through inhibitory effects of GABA
|
|
|
indications of sedative hypnotic agents
|
anxiety, preoperative sedation, insomnia
|
|
|
SE of sedative hypnotic agents
|
drowsiness / decreased motor performance / anterograde amnesia / tolerance dependency / rebound insomnia with withdrawal
|
|
|
Implications for PT of sedative hypnotic agents
|
be aware of when the patient last took their medication and learn what timing of medication is most optimal for therapy
|
|
|
Examples of sedative hypnotic agents
|
Benzodiazepine: halcion / Dalmane
Non-Benzodiazepine: Luminal /Sonata / AMbien |
|
|
Risk factors for developing obesity
|
sedentary lifestyle / high glycemic index / environmental and lifestyle factors / smoking cessation / stress / history of abuse / meds increasing appetite / genetic / underlying illness
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: Cardiac
|
cardiomyopathy, abnormal ventricular remodling, atril fibrilation, dysrhythmias
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: Pulmonary
|
asthma / obstructive sleep apnea / hypoventilation syndorme
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: kidneys
|
decreased renal perfusion
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: genitourinary
|
urinary incontinence / infetility
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: integumentary
|
infection / hyperkeratosis / acanthosis nigricans
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: Vascular
|
increased total blood volume / altered stroke volume / altered CO / HTN / venous insufficency / varicosities
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: Musculoskeletal
|
OA / altered mobility patterns
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: adipose tissue
|
increased production of adipokines
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: liver
|
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
|
|
|
what changes are associated with obesity for the following area: pancreas
|
insulin resistance / type 2 diabetes
|
|
|
what does lipase inhibitors do
|
decrease the body's ability to absorb dietary fat, thereby decreasing overall caloric intake
|
|
|
what medications that are not currently approved for weight loss by the FDA are being used for short term weight loss
|
antidepressants / seziure meds / diabetes meds
|
|
|
what are the requirements for a pt that needs to be met for bariatric surgery
|
BMI greater than 40 or greater than 35 with cormorbidities, and other weight loss programs have been unsuccessful. Most physicians require pts to participate in counseling,
|
|
|
what health care professionals typically make up the bariatric specialty team
|
internist / surgeon / psychologist / dietician / program coordinator
|
|
|
Define Lipedema
|
undefined etiology affect physical size and distribution of adipose. B/L, symmetrical, soft swelling most frequently appearing in the LE.
|
|
|
When do initial symptoms of Lipedema usually appear
|
times of significant hormonal change.
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of lipedema
|
exquisite tenderness to palpation of affect extremities, column like fat distribution in LE, and increased edema as the day progresses which subsides overnight
|
|
|
what major health concerns are associated with bulimia nervosa
|
electrolyte imbalance / gastric rupture during purging / esophageal inflammation / tooth decay due to frequent vomiting / dehydration / peptic ulcers / pancreatitis / bowel irregulatiry
|
|
|
what major health concerns are associated with anorexia nervosa
|
heart failure (due to decreased HR) / decreased BP / kidney failure (dehydration) / osteoporosis / muscle atrophy
|
|
|
what are the fat-soluble vitamins
|
A, D, E, K
|
|
|
Vitamin A is essential for
|
eyes / epithelial tissue / normal growth / development / reproduction
|
|
|
what are the common sources of Vitamin A
|
green, orange and yellow veggies / liver / butter / egg yolks / fortified margarine
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency
|
night blindness / rough skin / dry skin / growth failure
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity
|
appetite loss / hair loss / enlarged liver / enlarged spleen
|
|
|
Vitamin D is essential for
|
increases blood flow levels of minerals (calcium and phophorus)
|
|
|
what are the common sources of Vitamin D
|
fortified milk / fish oils / fortified margarine
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity
|
calcification of tissues / hypercalcemia
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency
|
faulty bone growth / rickets / osteomalacia
|
|
|
Vitamin E is essential for
|
antioxidant to cell membranes / important for integrity cells
|
|
|
Common food sources of vitamin E
|
vegetable oils / wheat germ / nuts / fish
|
|
|
Vitamin E deficiency symptoms include
|
breakdown of RBC
|
|
|
vitamin E toxicity includes
|
decreased thyroid hormone levels and increased triglycerides
|
|
|
Vitamin K is essential for
|
synthesis of 2 proteins involved in blood clotting
|
|
|
Common food sources for vitamin K include
|
dark green leafy vegetables / cheese / egg yolks / liver
|
|
|
Vitamin K deficiency symptoms
|
hemorrhage / defective blood clotting
|
|
|
Vitamin K toxicity
|
none
|
|
|
what are the water soluble vitamins
|
B2, B3, B6, B12, C, Biotin, Choline, Folic acid, panthothenic acid
|
|
|
purpose of B2
|
facilitates selected enzyme in carbs, protein and fat metabolism
|
|
|
common food sources of B2
|
milk / green leafy vegetables / eggs / peanuts
|
|
|
symptoms of B2 deficiency
|
inflammation of the tongue / sensitive eyes / scaling of the skin
|
|
|
symptoms of B3 toxicity
|
none
|
|
|
B6 is essential for
|
metabolism of proteins / liver/ red meats / whole grains / potatoes
|
|
|
B12 is essential for
|
functioning of cells and aids hemoglobin synthesis
|
|
|
C is essential for
|
combat infections / facilitates wound healing / necessary for development and maintenance for bones / cartilage / connective tissue / BV
|
|
|
Biotin is essential for
|
action of many enzyme systems
|
|
|
Cholineis essential for
|
component of compounds for nerve function and lipid metabolism
|
|
|
Folic acid (Folacin) is essential for
|
formation of RBC / functioning of GI tract
|
|
|
panthothenic acid is essential for
|
integral component of complex enzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids
|
|
|
Calcium is essential for
|
mm contraction / mm relexation/ builds strong bones and teeth / aids in coagulation
|
|
|
chloride is essential for
|
facilitates the maintenance of fluid / acid-based balance
|
|
|
magnesium is essential for
|
builds strong bone / teeth / activates enzymes, helps regulate HR
|
|
|
phosphorus is essential for
|
strengthens bones / assists in oxidation of fats and carbs / aids in maintaining acid-base balance
|
|
|
potassium is essential for
|
maintaining fluid and acid-base balance
|
|
|
Sodium is essential for
|
facilitates the maintenance of acid-bse balance, transmits nerve impulses, and helps control mm contractions
|
|
|
Sulfur is essential for
|
facilitates enzyme activity and energy metabolism
|
|
|
Chromium is essential for
|
controls glucose metabolism
|
|
|
Cobalt is essential for
|
essential component of B12 and functions to activate enzymes
|
|
|
Copper is essential for
|
facilitating hemoglobin synthesis and lipid metabolism
|
|
|
fluroine is essential for
|
formation of bones / teetch / prevents osteoporosis
|
|
|
iodine is essential for
|
regulates cell metabolism and BMR
|
|
|
iron is essential for
|
oxygen transport
|
|
|
manganese is essential for
|
facilitates proper bone structure and functions as an enzyme component in general metabolism
|
|
|
Selenium is essential for
|
synergistic antioxidant with E
|
|
|
molybdenum is essential for
|
normal cell functioning
|
|
|
zinc is essential for
|
aids in immune function and cell division
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: B6
|
liver / read meats / whole grains / potatoes
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: B12
|
meats / whole / eggs / egg yolds
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: C
|
citrus / fruits / tomatoes / cantaloupe
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Biotin
|
liver / meats / milk
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following:Choline
|
synthesized from methionine (an amino acid) meats ?
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Folacin
|
yeast / dark green leafy vegetables / whole grains
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: panothenic acid
|
liver / eggs / whole grains
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following:calcium
|
milk / leafy greens / soy products
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: chloride
|
table salt / fish / vegetables
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: magnesium
|
raw dark vegetables / nuts / soy beans / milk / cheese
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: phosphorus
|
strengthens bone assists in oxidation of fats and carbs, aids in maintaining acid-base balance
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: potassium
|
apricots / bananas / oranges / milk / grapefruit
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Sodium
|
salt / milk
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Sulfur
|
meat / eggs / milk / cheese
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Chromium
|
whole grains / meats / cheese
|
|
|
Common food sources for the following: Cobalt
|
figs / cabbage / spinach
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Common food sources for the following: copper
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shellfish / liver / meat / whole grains
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Common food sources for the following:fluorine
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fish / water
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Common food sources for the following: iodine
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iodized salt and seafood
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Common food sources for the following: iron
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red meats / liver
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Common food sources for the following: manganeses
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cereals / whole grains
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Common food sources for the following: selenium
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meat / eggs/ milk / seafood / garlic
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Common food sources for the following: molybdenum
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meats / whole grains / dark green vegetables
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Common food sources for the following: zinc
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seafood / live / milk / cheese / whole grains
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: B6
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peripheral neuropathy / convulsions / depression
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: B12
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pernicious anemia and various psychological disorders
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: C
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anemia / swollen gums / loose teeth / scurvy
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: Biotin
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anemia / depression / mm pain
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: folaciin
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impaired cell division / alteration of protein synthesis
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: panthothenic acid
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HA / fatigue / poor mm contraction
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: calcium
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poor bone growth / rickets / osteomalacia / osteoporosis
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: chloride
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disturbance of acid-base balance
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: magnesium
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confusion / apathy / mm weakness / tremors
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: phosphorus
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weakness / stiff joints / fragile bones
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: potassium
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impaired growth / HTN / diminished HR
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: copper
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anemia / CNS abnormalities / abnormal electrocardiograms
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: fluorine
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increased susceptibility of dental cavities
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: iodine
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goiters
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: iron
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anemia
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: selenium
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Keshan's disease
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: molybdenum
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vomiting / tachypnea
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symptoms of deficiency for the following: zinc
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depressed immune functions / impaired skeletal growth
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: B6
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sensory damage / numbness in extremities / ataxia
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: C
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urinary stones / diarrhea / hypoglycemia
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: pantothenic acid
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diarrhea
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: calcium
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kidney stones
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: magnesium
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increased calcium excretion
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: phosphorus
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muscle spasms
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: potassium
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hyperkalemia / cardiac disturbances
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: chromium
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liver damage
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: cobalt
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polycythemia and increased blood volume
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: copper
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wilson's disease
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: fluorine
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fluorosis
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: iron
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hemochromatosis
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: selenium
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fingernails / toenails / nausea / abdominal pain
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symptoms of toxicity for the following: zinc
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anemia / nausea / vomiting
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