Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
embryonal origin of
microcliga macrophages astrocytes oligodendrocytees |
microglia and macrophages = mesodemr
all else is ectoderm |
|
|
what "neurium" has to be repaired in limb reattachment
|
perineureum
|
|
|
origin of NE
|
LC
|
|
|
origin of serotonin
|
raphe
|
|
|
origin of ACh
|
basal nucleus of Meynert
|
|
|
3 key structures to BBB
|
BAT
basement membrane tight jx astocyte processes |
|
|
what's speial about area postrem and neurohypophysis
|
fenestrated capillaries to allow molecules in blood to affect brain function
|
|
|
supraoptic nucleus
|
thirst and water balance
|
|
|
lateral HT
|
hunger
|
|
|
VM of HT
|
satiety
|
|
|
does A or P HT do Sympathetic or Parasym
|
A does pAra
P does symPathetic |
|
|
suprachiasmatic
|
circadian rhythms
|
|
|
posterior HT
|
warms you up
|
|
|
anterior HT
|
cools you down
|
|
|
septal nuclei
|
sexual urges
emotions destruction rage |
|
|
paraventricular nuclei
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
VPL
|
body sensation
Very Pretty Lady always has to have a great bod |
|
|
VPM
|
facial sensation
V for CN V P for pretty M for makeup |
|
|
VA/VL
|
motor
Arms and Legs |
|
|
structures of limbic
|
Can Have Fun w Mammaries
Cingulate Hippocampus Fornix Mammillaries |
|
|
which is on the direct/excitatory pathway?
GPe GPi STN |
GPi is on both
others are on indirect/inhibitory |
|
|
what does arcuate fasciculus do
|
connects broca and wernicke
|
|
|
which arteries are most vulnerable to stroke
|
lateral striate dividsions of MCA
|
|
|
brain artery that gets aneurysms
|
PCA
|
|
|
PCA aneurysm cases
|
CNIII palsy
|
|
|
foramen betwe
lateral and third third and fourth superior fourth to lateral subarachnoid lower fourth to medial subarachnoid |
Munro
Cerebral aquecut of Slivius Luschka Magendie |
|
|
end of spinal cord
|
L2
|
|
|
end of subarachnoid space
|
S2
|
|
|
lumbar puncture level
|
L3-4 or L4-5 interspaces
= level of iliac crest To keep the spinal cord alive keep thee needle at 3 or 5 |
|
|
what isn't pierced on a lumbar puncture
|
pia
|
|
|
structures pierced from out to inner on lumbar puncture
|
SLED SUB A Skin
Skin Ligaments (Supraspinous Interspinous Ligamentum flavum) Epidural Dura Subdural Arachnoid Subarachnoid |
|
|
what's in medial lemniscus
|
Pressure
Vibration Touch Proprioception |
|
|
first synapse in dorsal columb
|
nucleus cneatus or gracilis of medulla
|
|
|
desuccation in dorsal column
|
medulla
|
|
|
second synapse in DCML
|
VPL
|
|
|
what's in spinothalamic
|
ascending pain and temp
|
|
|
fibers in ST tract
|
A-delta
C |
|
|
synaplse 1 of ST track
|
ipsilateral gray matter of SC
|
|
|
ducussation of ST track
|
anterior white commissure
(2nd neuron) |
|
|
synapse 2 of ST tract
|
VPL of thalamus, like DCML
|
|
|
what's in lateral corticospinal tract
|
descending volunatry movement of contralateral limbs
|
|
|
first cell body in LCTract
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
|
decussation in LCTract
|
first neuron
at pyramidal ducssation in caudal medulla |
|
|
synapse 1 of LCTract
|
cell body of anterior horn
|
|
|
iliac crest
|
lumbar puncture
|
|
|
ischial spine
|
pudendal block
|
|
|
anterior superior iliac spine
|
McBurney's point is 2/3 of way from umbilicus to here
|
|
|
posterior half of skull cap
|
C2
|
|
|
high turtleneck shirt
|
C3
|
|
|
low collar shirt
|
C4
|
|
|
nipple
|
T4
T4 at the teat pore |
|
|
xiphoid process
|
T7
|
|
|
inguinal ligament
|
L1
IL |
|
|
kneecaps
|
L4
Down on all fours |
|
|
erection and sensation of penile and anal zones
|
S2 3 4
S 2-3-4 keep the penis off the floor |
|
|
biceps reflex
|
C5
|
|
|
triceps reflect
|
C7
|
|
|
achilles reflex
|
S1
|
|
|
which CN arises dorsally
|
C4
|
|
|
paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
|
lesion in superior colliculs
Parinaud syndrome |
|
|
eyelid opening
|
III
|
|
|
CN with contralaterality
|
VI
|
|
|
taste from anterior 2/3 of tonue
|
VII
|
|
|
lacrimation
|
VII
|
|
|
submandibular glands
|
VII
|
|
|
eyelid closing
|
VII
|
|
|
taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
|
IX
|
|
|
parotid gland
|
IX
|
|
|
stylopharyngeus
|
IX
|
|
|
epiglottic taste
|
X
|
|
|
CN with nuceli in midbrain
|
III, IV
|
|
|
CN with nuclei in Pons
|
V
VI VII VIII |
|
|
Cn with nuceli in medulla
|
IX
X XI XII |
|
|
Afferent and efferent of corneal
|
V-1, VII
|
|
|
afferent and efferent of lacrimation
|
V-1, VII
|
|
|
afferent and efferent of Jaw Jerk
|
V3, V3
|
|
|
afferent and efferent of pupillary
|
II, III
|
|
|
afferent and efferent of gag
|
X, IX and X
|
|
|
Nucleus solitarius
|
visceral Sensory
Seven, IX, X |
|
|
nucleus aMbiguus
|
Motor innveration of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
IX, X, XI |
|
|
Optic canal
|
II
ophtalmic artery central retinal vein |
|
|
superior orbital fissure
|
III
IV V-1 VI ophthalmic vein |
|
|
Foramen rotundum
|
V-2
|
|
|
Foramen Ovale
|
V3
|
|
|
foramen spinosum
|
MMA
|
|
|
Internal auditory meatus
|
VII, VIII
|
|
|
jugular foramen
|
IX
X XI jugular vein |
|
|
hypoglossal canal
|
XII
|
|
|
foramen magnum
|
roots of XI
brain stem vertebral arteries |
|
|
contents of cavernous sinus
|
internal carotid
pituitary gland all extraocular muscles plus V1 and V2 - so cavernous sinus syndrome causes ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmic and maxillary sensory loss |
|
|
which glossus is not innvervated by hypoglossal
|
palatoglossus, which is vagus
|
|
|
which muscle with palat in its name is not vagus
|
tensor veli palatini, which was too tense!
|
|
|
C fibers
|
free nerve endings
in skin pain and temperature |
|
|
Adelta fibers
|
free nerve endings
in skin pain and temperature |
|
|
Meissner's corpuscles
|
glabrous skin
40% of fingertip receptors dynamic fine touch |
|
|
Pacinian corpuscles
|
deep sin layers
ligaments joints 15% of fingertip receptors vibration |
|
|
Merkel's disks
|
hair folicles
25% of fingertip receptors static touch shapes, edges, textures |
|
|
perilymph or endolymph:
rich in Na rich in K |
peri has Na
endo has K (kind of like any given cell! |
|
|
what do utricle and saccule contain
|
maculae
|
|
|
what do semicircular canals contain
|
ampullae
|
|
|
what are the hair cells inside
|
organ of corti
|
|
|
what's inside teh bony labyrinth
|
membranous labyrinth
|
|
|
in conductive hearing loss, what side does Weber localize to
|
affected ear
|
|
|
eyes look down and out
|
CN III damage
|
|
|
diplopia with downward gaze
|
IV damage
|
|
|
medially directed eye
|
VI damage
|
|
|
bitemporal hemianopia
|
chiasm
|
|
|
left homonymous hemianopia
|
right opitic tract
|
|
|
left upper quadrantic anopia
|
right meyer's loop
|
|
|
left lower quadrantic anopia
|
dorsal optic radiation
(parietal lobe) |
|
|
left hemianopia with macular sparing
|
visual cortex/calcarine fissure
|
|
|
central scotoma
|
macular degeneration in the eye
|
|
|
medial lognitudinal fasciculus lesion
|
MS
|
|
|
medial rectus palsy on attempted lateral gaze
nystagmus in abducting eye normal convergence |
MR lesion
MLF syndrome MS often associated |
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
cerebral hemispheres |
telencephalon
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
lateral ventricles |
cavities of telencephalon
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
thalami |
diencephalon - walls
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
3rd ventricle |
diencephalon - cavity
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
midbrain |
mesencephalon - walls
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:pons
|
metencephalon - walls
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
cerebellum |
metencephalon - walls
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
medulla |
myelencephalon - walls
|
|
|
Which region of developing brain?:
4th ventricle |
cavities of meten/myelencephalon
|
|
|
is spastic paralysis and upper or lower MN lesion
|
upper
|
|
|
is weakenss an UMN or LMN
|
both
|
|
|
flaccid paralysis
destruction of anterior horns of spinal cord |
Poliomyelitis
Werdnig Hoffman |
|
|
upper and lower motor signs
no sensory defiit |
ALS
|
|
|
what is spared in complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery
|
dorsal columns
Tract of lissauer |
|
|
impaired proprioception
locomotor ataxia |
tabes dorsalis
degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal columns |
|
|
bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
|
syringomyelia
corrsing fibers of spinothalamic tract damaged |
|
|
ataxic gait
hperreflexia impaired position and vibration sense |
Vitamin B12 neuropathy and Friedreich's ataxia
demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts,a dn spinocerebellar tracts |
|
|
syringomyelia assocatied with
|
Arnold-Chiari
|
|
|
syringomyelia is most common at which vertebral levels
|
C8-T1
|
|
|
impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia
|
tabes dorsalis
|
|
|
hemisection of spinal cord causes
|
isilateral UMN, tactile, vibration, proprioception below lesion
ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion Contralateral pain and temperature below lesion |
|
|
what is contralateral in a spinal cord hemisection
|
pain and temperature below lesion
|
|
|
Brown Sequard
|
cord hemisection
|
|
|
hyperorality
hypersexuality disinhibited behavior |
amygdala lesion - Kluver Bucy
|
|
|
spatial neglect
|
right parietal lobe
|
|
|
intention tremor
|
cerebellar hemisphere
|
|
|
ataxia
|
cerebellar hemispheres
|
|
|
is cerebellar damage ipsi or contra
|
ipsi
|
|
|
truncal ataxia
|
cerebellar vermis
|
|
|
hemiballismus
|
contralateral subthalamic nucleus
|
|
|
App gene
|
One of the Alzheimer's genes. On 21
|
|
|
huntington's repeat
|
CAG
Caudated loses Ach and Gaba |
|
|
alpha synuclein
|
protein in Lewy bodies
|
|
|
LMN AND UMN signs
no sensory deficit |
ALS
|
|
|
superoxide dismutase defect
|
ALS can be associated
|
|
|
floppy baby
tongue fasciculations median death at 7 months |
Werdnig-Hoffman
|
|
|
what degenerates in polio
|
anterior horns
|
|
|
anterior horn degeneration
|
Werdnig Hoffman
Polio |
|
|
venetral horn degeneration causes?
|
fasciculations
|
|
|
cCSF with lymphocytic pleocytosis
slight elevation of protein no change in glucose |
polio
|
|
|
JC virus
|
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
demyelinating |
|
|
demyelinating lysosomal storage disease
|
metachromatic leukodystrophy
|
|
|
elevated CSF protein with normal cell count
albuminocytologic dissociation |
Guillain Barre
|
|
|
infections associated with Guillain Barre
|
possibly (because they have molecular mimicry)
campylobacter herpesvirus |
|
|
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms
|
small vessels in brain
associated wtih chronic hypertension |
|
|
chronic hypertension
brain aneurysms |
charcot Bouchard
smalll vessels affected |
|
|
dementia
gait problems urinary incontinence |
normal presure hydrocephalus
|
|
|
imparied absorption of CSF by arachnoi granulations
|
normal pressure hydrocephalus
|
|
|
stenosis of aueduct of Sylvius
|
obstructive non communicating hydrocephalus
|
|
|
cavernous hemangiomas in the skin, mucosa, orans
|
von Hippel Lindau
|
|
|
sebaceous adenoma
|
tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
tumor crossing corpus callosum
|
GBM
|
|
|
Pseudopalisading tumor cells in brian
|
GBM
|
|
|
psammoma bodies in brain tumor
|
meningioma
|
|
|
brain tumor arising from arachnoid cells
|
meningioma
|
|
|
bilateral schwannom
|
neurofibromatosis II
|
|
|
chicken wire capillary pattern and fried egg appearance in brain
|
oligodendroglioma
|
|
|
Rathke's pouch
|
associate with pituitary adenoma (tends to be adult) and craniopharyngioma (tends to be kids)
|
|
|
Rosenthal fibers
|
eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers of childhood pilocytic astrocytoma
|
|
|
brain tumor in kids with rosettes or pseudorosettes
|
bad probnosis medulloblastoma
primitive neuroectodermal tumor also in kid's ependymoma |
|
|
primitive neuroectodermal tumor in kid's brain
|
medulloblastoma
bad prognosis |
|
|
kid brain tumor compressing 4th ventricle
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
radiosensitive brain tumor in kid
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
Rod-shaped blepharoplasts in kid brain tumor
|
ependymoma
|
|
|
kid's brain tumor that is most often cerebellar and can produce EPO
|
hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
kids brain tumor with calcification, like tooth enamel
|
craniopharyngioma
Rathke's pouch Cranio Calcio |
|
|
only supratentorial childhood tumor
|
polocytic astrocytoma
|
|
|
Chiar I vs II
|
II is fatal because the vermis and medulla descend through the foramen
|
|
|
absent cerebellum with cyst in its place
|
Dandy Walker
not a lot of walking! |
|
|
ipsi or contra? XI lesion
|
weakness turning head to contralateral side
|
|
|
ipsi or contra? XII lesion
|
toungue deviates toward
|
|
|
ipsi or contra? V
|
jaw deviates toward
|
|
|
ipsi or contra? unilateral cerebellum lesion
|
patient falls toward side of lesion
|
|
|
ipsi or contra? X lsion
|
uvula deviates away from side of lesion
|
|
|
UMN lesion of facial nerve affects?
|
contralateral lower face only
|
|
|
LMN lesion of facial nerve affects?
|
ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face
|
|
|
ipsilateral dilated pupil/ptosis
contralateral homonymous hemianopia ipsilateral paresis duret hemorrhages |
uncal herniation
|
|
|
eiplepsy drug with agranulocytosis
|
carbamazepine
|
|
|
epilepsy drug with Stevens Johnson
|
ethosuximide
lamotrigine |
|
|
epilepsy drug with nystagmus, ddiplopia, ataxia,
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
epilepsy drug with SLE like syndrome
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
epilepsy drug with kidney stones
|
topiramate
|
|
|
seizure drugs contraindicated in porphyria
|
barbiturates
|
|
|
short acting benzos
|
short TOM Thumb
triazolam Oxazepam Midazolam |
|
|
anesthetics blood solumility effect
|
rapid induction and recovery withlow solubility
|
|
|
anesthetics lipid solubility effect
|
increased lipid solubility increased potency
Low Lipid Lightweight Big Blood Brady |
|
|
halothane toxicity
|
Halo Hepato
hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Methoxyflurane toxicity
|
Nephro
Metho Nephro |
|
|
rare but serious problem with inhaled anesthetics
|
malignant hyperthermia
|
|
|
anesthetic for induction in short surgical procedures
|
thiopental
|
|
|
anesthetic used for endoscopy
|
Midazolam
midazolam for the Midgut |
|
|
anesthetic with less postop nausea than thiopental
|
propofol
|
|
|
amide anesthetics - trick for remembering
|
have 2 I's
|
|
|
which are blocked first by locals?
|
small diameter
myelinated |
|
|
order in which lost in anesthetics.. touch, pain, pressure, temp
|
PATETOP
Pain Temp Touch Pressure |
|
|
toxicity of bupivicaine
|
severe cardiotoxicity
|
|
|
toxicity of cocaine
|
HTN
hypoteension arrhythmias |
|
|
toxicity of succinylcholine
|
hypercalcemia
hyperkalemia |
|
|
in reversing succinylcholine blockade, what are effects of cholinesterase inhibitors
|
in Phase I potentiate
in Phase II antidote |
|
|
tubocurarine antidote
|
cholinesterase inhibitors
|
|
|
used to treat malignant hyperthermia
|
dantrolene (also used to treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome)
|
|
|
used to treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
dantrolene (also used to treat malignant hyperthermia)
|
|
|
amantadine toxicity
|
ataxia
|
|
|
causes coronary vasospasm
|
sumatriptan
|
|
|
parkinsons med causing arrhythmia
|
l-dopa
|
