Boards Equipment And Modalities

Front 1

Describe how to use a hydraulic lift

Back 1

needs to be locked first, place the web sling under the pt and attaches the S ring to the bars of the lift. check all attachments, pump handle to elevate pt. navigate the pt to the destination, remove chains, web sling can remain in place

Front 2

when transferring a pt with a hemiplegia what side do you lead with

Back 2

uninvolved

Front 3

describe the stand step transfer

Back 3

similar to stand pivot transfer except pt takes a step to maneuver and reposition their feet instead of a pivot

Front 4

what unique to the pt needs to be taken into consideration when considering a wheel chair

Back 4

physical needs / physical abilities / cognition / coordination / endurance

Front 5

how do you measure the following for W/C: seat height

Back 5

measure from pts heel to popiteal fold add 2 inches to clear footrest

Front 6

how do you measure the following for W/C: seat depth

Back 6

measure from pts buttock, along the lateral thigh to popiteal fold; then subtract 2 inches

Front 7

how do you measure the following for W/C: seat width

Back 7

widest part of pts buttocks, hip or thigh and add 2 inches

Front 8

how do you measure the following for W/C: back height

Back 8

while patient sitting on cushion seat of chair to the floor of the axilla with pts shoulder flexed 90 and subtract 4 inches. If pt is NOT sitting on a cushion than only subtract 2

Front 9

how do you measure the following for W/C: armrest height

Back 9

while patient sitting on cushion seat of chair to olecranon process with elbow flexed to 90 and add 1 inch

Front 10

what is the average adult size for W/C for the following: seat height and leg length

Back 10

19.5-20.5 inches

Front 11

what is the average adult size for W/C for the following: seat depth

Back 11

16 inches

Front 12

what is the average adult size for W/C for the following: seat width

Back 12

18 inches

Front 13

what is the average adult size for W/C for the following: back height

Back 13

16-16.5 inches

Front 14

what is the average adult size for W/C for the following: armrest height

Back 14

9 inches above chair seat

Front 15

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
ultralight frame

Back 15

highly active with no need for postural supports; used in sports

Front 16

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
standard or lightweight frames

Back 16

able to self propel using B/L UE; adequate LE ROM and sitting ability for comfortable seating

Front 17

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
Hemi frame

Back 17

pt is able to self propel using LE

Front 18

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
one-hand drive

Back 18

able to propel using one UE

Front 19

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
amputee frame

Back 19

able to self propel, but COG is shifted posteriorly due to amputation

Front 20

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
power W/C

Back 20

NOT able to self propel, may have transfer/UE functional limitations

Front 21

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
geri chair

Back 21

not able to self propel or operate a power mobility device; requires assistance for seated mobility

Front 22

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
reclining frame

Back 22

unable to perform weight shifting tasks and/or is unable to sit upright for extended periods; moderate to severe trunk involvement

Front 23

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
backward tilt-in-space frame

Back 23

unable to sit upright or perform weight shifts, but also has issues with sliding or extensor tone

Front 24

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: planar posterior

Back 24

uses a reclining or tilt-in-space frame or pt tends to maintain a hyperextended head/neck position in upright sitting

Front 25

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
curved headrest

Back 25

tends to maintain backward listing and/or lateral head and neck position in sitting; side panels may be indicated for more aggressive support

Front 26

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
sling back

Back 26

requires no postural support and has no neuromuscular deficits; not typically intended for long term use

Front 27

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
planar back insert

Back 27

requires mild to moderate trunk support due to tone, strength or deformity related postural concerns

Front 28

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
curved back insert

Back 28

requires moderate trunk support due to tone, strength or deformity related postural concerns

Front 29

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
custom molded insert

Back 29

requires significant trunk support due to severe postural concerns

Front 30

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
removable back insert

Back 30

W/C must be able to fold

Front 31

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
back height below inferior angle of scapula

Back 31

able to self propel and has good trunk control

Front 32

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
back height above inferior angle of scapula

Back 32

either able to self propel, but requires some spinal support or uses a power mobility device with or without poor trunk control

Front 33

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
sling seat

Back 33

pt requires no postural support and has no neuromuscular deficits; not typically intended for long term use

Front 34

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
planar seat

Back 34

pt has not seated deformity

Front 35

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
curved seat

Back 35

requires mild to aggressive support curvature to provide increased contact between the lower body and seat

Front 36

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
custom molded seat

Back 36

requires customized seat support to correct for pelvic obliquity of a fixed asymmetrical deformity

Front 37

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
removable seat insert

Back 37

W/C must be able to fold

Front 38

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
Bevel (undercut) front edge of seat

Back 38

pt self propels using LE

Front 39

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
Planar lateral supports

Back 39

pt requires mild to moderate lateral support due to listing or scoliosis

Front 40

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: Chest strap

Back 40

pt requires trunk support to correct for anterior lisiting

Front 41

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
removable armrest

Back 41

pt transfers via slide board to two person max assist, pt requires access to wheels for propulsion

Front 42

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
no armrest

Back 42

pt does not require any UE or trunk support

Front 43

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
full length arms

Back 43

pt performs sit to stand transfers; pt requires additional postural support, pt utilizes a lap board

Front 44

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
tubular or single posted arms

Back 44

requires minimal support for UE; requires easy access to wheels for propulsion; pt requires easy removal of arms

Front 45

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
fixed/non-removable

Back 45

pt requires durable UE support

Front 46

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
toggle/lever brakes

Back 46

coordinated motor ability to operate brakes

Front 47

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
brake extension

Back 47

requires additional leverage to operate a toggle/lever break; pt has limited ability to reach brake mechanism

Front 48

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
attendant operated brakes

Back 48

pt does not possess the ability to safely or independently operate breaks

Front 49

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
small diameter handrims

Back 49

adequate strength to efficiently propel chair without adaptation; typically suggested for pts requireing speeds for tasks

Front 50

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
large diameter handrims

Back 50

some weakness in the UE; typically suggested for pts requiring the ability to propel with more power

Front 51

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
Rim projections

Back 51

pt has grip deficits or hand deformity which limits the ability to functionally grip rims

Front 52

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
covered rims

Back 52

requires assist for adequate grasp or friction when hands are in contact with wheel rims

Front 53

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
standard footrests

Back 53

has full ROM available through feet and ankles

Front 54

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: adjustable angle

Back 54

pt has some degree of deformity in feet and/or ankles

Front 55

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: one-piece foot board

Back 55

requires a supportive surface to maximize strength and/or stability; pt requires additional lateral foot support

Front 56

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
custom foot box

Back 56

pt's LE are not aligned with body midline as with a windswept deformity; individualized height, ankle or support needs are identified

Front 57

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
joystick

Back 57

can be operated by hand, chin, foot, posterior head

Front 58

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
proportional control

Back 58

allow user to modulate speed of device based on the displacement of the joystick 360 degree directionality

Front 59

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: non-proportional control

Back 59

device moves at a pre-set speed regardless of joystick displacement; user must release joystick in order to change directions

Front 60

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
sip-and-puff control

Back 60

switch base system often used for pts with high level SCI, pt controls direction based on the force of inhalation/exhalation into a small tube positioned near the pt's mouth

Front 61

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
head control

Back 61

may be proportional or non-proportional and operate via an electronic switch system; configurations vary

Front 62

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
bariatric W/C

Back 62

between 300-1000 pounds

Front 63

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
solid cushions

Back 63

can produce high shear forves

Front 64

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component: liquid cushions

Back 64

limit shear forces

Front 65

What is the clinical indication for a W/C for the following component:
air filled cushions

Back 65

require diligent monitoring of inflation levels

Front 66

what angle should be elbows be at while in parallel bars

Back 66

20-25 flexion

Front 67

what type of pattern is used with the walker

Back 67

3 point gait

Front 68

when fitting the axillary crutches what is the proper position for the crutches

Back 68

6 inches in front, 2 inches lateral to pt. top is no more than 3 finger widths under the axilla

Front 69

what types of gait patterns can be used with axillary crutches

Back 69

2 point / 3 point / swing to / swing through / 4 point

Front 70

where should the arm off the lofstrand crutch be

Back 70

one to one and a half inches below olecrannon process

Front 71

what types of gait patterns are used with lofstrand crutch

Back 71

2 point, 3 point, 4 point, swing to, swing through

Front 72

Describe: Two point gait

Back 72

moving left crutch with R LE and moving right crutch with L LE

Front 73

Describe 3 point gait

Back 73

AD is followed by the injured LE and then uninjured LE.

Front 74

Describe 4 point gait

Back 74

left crutch, R LE, right crutch, L LE

Front 75

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: nasogastric tube

Back 75

inserted through nose and extends into the stomach. Commonly used for shirt-term liquid feeding / medication administration / remove gas. The tube can inhibit a cough

Front 76

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: gastric tube

Back 76

inserted through small incision in abdomen into stomach. Used for feeding when pt has difficulty swallowing

Front 77

Describe, what is is commonly used for : jejunostomy tube

Back 77

inserted through endoscopy into jejunum via abdominal wall. Tube can be used for long-term feeding

Front 78

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: intravenous system

Back 78

consists of sterile fluid source / pump / clamp and a catheter. lines are used to infuse meds / fluids / electrolytes / nutrients / inserted into the following veins: basilic, cephalic or antecubital

Front 79

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: arterial line

Back 79

monitors blood pressure and to get blood samples.

Front 80

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: central venous pressure catheter

Back 80

used to measure pressures in R atrium or SVC via indwelling catheter and pressure manometer. Used to eval R ventricular function, R atrial filling pressure and circulating blood volume

Front 81

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks: hickman (indwelling R atrial catheter)

Back 81

inserted through the cephalic or interal jugular vein and threaded into the SVC and R atrium, catheter is used for long-term administration of substances into the venous system such as chemotherapeutic agents, total parental nutrition, and antibiotics

Front 82

Describe: intracranial pressure monitor

Back 82

pressure exerted against skull.

Front 83

Describe, what is is commonly used for and risks:

Back 83

used to provide continous measurements of pulmonary artery pressure. pt should avoid: head, neck, extremities, avoid disrupting the line at the insertion site

Front 84

Describe: tent

Back 84

canopy placed over the head and shoulder or the entire body for the purpose of delivering oxygen at a higher level than normal

Front 85

Describe: Tracheostomy mask

Back 85

placed over the stoma or tracheostomy for the purpose of administering supplemental oxygen. Mask is held in place by elastic strap placed around the pts neck

Front 86

what is balanced suspension

Back 86

type of traction that is used with commuted femur fx. it requires pins, screws and wires to be surgically inserted into bone. Requires prolonged immobilization and therefore increases the incidence of secondary complications such as contractures or skin breakdown

Front 87

describe external fixation

Back 87

surgical procedure where holes are drilled into the uninjured areas of bone surrounding the fx. Fx is set in desired anatomical configuration using specialized wires, pins, bolts, and screws

Front 88

when would internal fixation be used

Back 88

communited or displaced fx

Front 89

what does the chest tube do

Back 89

remove fluid air or pus from the intrathoracic space

Front 90

Describe mechanical ventilator

Back 90

a predetermined amount of max pressure of gas during respiration than inspiration phase ends, then expiratory phase is passive with both volume cycled and pressure cycled ventilators

Front 91

what is the purpose of the ostomy device

Back 91

to collect waste from a surgically produced opening in the abdomen. The removal of the waste occurs through a stoma extending into the small intestine. the waste is collected in a plastic bag or pouch covering the stoma. Ostomy systems are typically air- and water tight and allow the user to lead an active normal lifestyle

Front 92

Describe conduction

Back 92

heat goes from a warmer object to a cooler object until the objects are the same temperature

Front 93

Examples of modalities that utilize conduction

Back 93

hot pack / cold back / paraffin / ice massage / cyro cuff

Front 94

Describe convection

Back 94

heat loss or gain resulting from air or water moving over the area

Front 95

Examples of modalities that use convection

Back 95

fluidotherapy, hot whirlpool, cold whirlpool

Front 96

describe conversion

Back 96

heating that occurs when nonthermal enerfy is absorbed into tissue and transformed to heat

Front 97

Examples of modalities via conversion

Back 97

diathermy and ultrasound

Front 98

Describe radiation

Back 98

refers to direct transfer of heat from a radiation energy source of high temperature to one of cooler temperature

Front 99

Examples of radiation

Back 99

infrared lamp, laser, ultraviolet light

Front 100

Therapeutic effects of cyrotherapy

Back 100

decreased blood flow / decreased edema / decreased local temperature / decreased metabolic rate / decreased nerve conduction velocity / increased pain threshold / decreased tone

Front 101

Indications of cyrotherapy

Back 101

abnormal tone / acute or chronic pain / acute or subacute inflammation / bursitis / spasm / musculoskeletal trauma / myofascial trigger points / tendonitis / tenosynovitis

Front 102

Contraindications of cyrotherapy

Back 102

cold intolerance / cold urticaria / cyroglobulinemia / infection / over an area of compromised circulation / over regenerating peripheral nerves / paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria / PVD / Raynaud's phenomenon / skin anesthesia

Front 103

when using ice massage how long should a 10cm by 15cm area be covered in

Back 103

10-15 minutes

Front 104

what temperature should cold packs be at

Back 104

25 F.

Front 105

how long should cold packs be cooled prior to the next use

Back 105

30 minutes

Front 106

how long should cold back be applied for

Back 106

20 minutes

Front 107

when using a cold bath for treatment how cold should the temperature be

Back 107

55-64 degrees F

Front 108

when using cold bath, how long should the extremity be submurged for

Back 108

15-20 min

Front 109

when using a cyrocuff, where does the water container need to be located

Back 109

15-18 inches above the level of the sleeve

Front 110

Vapocoolant is mostly used for what type of treatment

Back 110

tx of trigger points

Front 111

Describe the "stretch and spray method"

Back 111

based off of work done by Janet Travell. PT identifies trigger point has the patient stretch and simultaneously sweep the area 3-4 times in the direction of the muscle fibers in one direction at a 30 degree angle and 12-18 inches away from skin. Make sure the pts eyes, nose and mouth are covered. Stretching can continue beyond the spraying.

Front 112

what conditions is vapocoolant spray used for

Back 112

Torticollis / neck pain / LBP / mm spasm / acute bursitis / hamstring tightness

Front 113

Common examples for superficial thermotherapy include the following:

Back 113

hot packs / warm water baths / fluidotherapy / infrared lamps / paraffin.

Front 114

what are the therapeutic effects of superficial thermotherapy

Back 114

decreased mm spasm / decreased tone / increased blood flow to the tx area / increased capillary permeability / increased collagen extensibility /increased local temperature / increased metabolic rate / increased muscle elasticity / increased nerve conduction velocity / increased pain threshold

Front 115

Indications for superficial thermotherapy

Back 115

abnormal tone / decreased ROM / mm guarding / mm spasm / myofascial trigger points / subacute or chronic pain / subacute or chronic inflammatory conditions

Front 116

Contraindications for superficial thermotherapy

Back 116

acute musculoskeleteal trauma / arterial disease / bleeding or hemorrhage / over an area of compromised circulation / over an area of malignancy / peripheral vascular disease / thrombophelbitis

Front 117

what is hot packs mode of transferring heat

Back 117

conduction

Front 118

what temperature should the water for hot packs be stored in

Back 118

159-167 deg F

Front 119

How many layers of towel are required for hot packs

Back 119

6-8 layers

Front 120

a commercial hot pack is equivalent to how many towels

Back 120

2-3 layers

Front 121

when are skin checks required when using hot packs

Back 121

after 5 min

Front 122

how long will a hot pack need initially to get to temperature and how long after each use

Back 122

2 hours intially and 30 minutes after each use

Front 123

Describe fluidotherapy

Back 123

consists of a container that circulates warm air and small cellulose particles. The extremity is placed into the container and a protective shield is applied to prevent escape of cellulose particles. the unit contains a portal the therapist will have access to the extremity with. heated air is circulated in the unit causing cellulose particles to become suspended and move rapidly in unit

Front 124

at what temperature should the fluidotherapy be at

Back 124

100-118 degrees F.

Front 125

how long is the treatment time of fluidotherapy

Back 125

15-20 min

Front 126

Therapeutic effects of fluidotherapy include

Back 126

promote tissue healing / skin desensitization / edema management

Front 127

what type of heat does infrared lamp use

Back 127

radiant heat

Front 128

what wavelengths does the infrared lamp use

Back 128

780-1500 nanometeters

Front 129

at what wavelength does the skin allow for max penetration

Back 129

1200 nanometers

Front 130

what is the main therapuetic effect of infrared lamp

Back 130

promote healing

Front 131

any protective gear the pt and PT should wear

Back 131

YES, opaque goggles

Front 132

how far away should the pt be positioned from the source

Back 132

20 inches

Front 133

how long is the treatment session for infrared lamp

Back 133

15-30 minutes

Front 134

why is paraffin used

Back 134

has a low melting point which can further be lowered with mineral oil

Front 135

at what temperature should paraffin be at

Back 135

113-122 degrees F

Front 136

what are the 3 methods of paraffin application

Back 136

dip-wrap / dip-reimmersion / pain application

Front 137

Describe the Dip-wrap method of paraffin

Back 137

required to maintain static position as the distal extremity dips into the paraffin bath. After waiting for paraffin to harden, the extremity should be redipped 6-10 times and then immediately placed in a plastic bag. A towel should be wrapped around the bag to slow the paraffin cooling. Paraffin should be left in place for 10-15 minutes

Front 138

Describe the Dip-reimmersion method of paraffin

Back 138

after initial 6-10 dips, the extremity should remain in paraffin bath for the duration of the treatment. Paraffin unit should be turned off during the treatment session to prevent the sides and the bottom of the unit from becoming too hot. It may also be necessary to use a temperature closer to the lower limit since the affected extremity will remain in the bath for up to 20 minutes

Front 139

Describe the paint application method of paraffin

Back 139

used for parts that can't be immersed into the paraffin bath. A layer of paraffin is painted on the body with a brush. After a few seconds, 6-10 layers are applied. Area is then covered by plastic bag or plastic wrap with a towel wrapped around it as described in the dip-wrap method. Paraffin should be left in place for approximately 20 min

Front 140

Describe removal of paraffin

Back 140

peeled off after treatment and either placed back into the container to melt or discarded. Paraffin bath can be reused unless it becomes contaminated.

Front 141

how often should the contents of paraffin bath be changed

Back 141

every 6 months

Front 142

when documenting therapuetic modalities what should be included

Back 142

body part to be treated / modality used / pt position / treatment duration / parameters / pt response / outcome measure

Front 143

when does deep heating occur

Back 143

3-5 inches below the skin surface

Front 144

what are examples of deep heating modalities

Back 144

ultrasound and diathermy

Front 145

how does ultrasound transfer heat

Back 145

conversion

Front 146

what are the indications for ultrasound

Back 146

calcium deposits / chronic inflammation / delayed soft tissue healing / dermal ulcers / joint contracture / mm spasm / myofascial trigger points / pain / plantar warts / scar tissue / tissue regeneration

Front 147

Contraindications for US

Back 147

areas of active bleeding / decreased temperature sensation / decreased circulation / DVT / infection / malignancy / over breast implants / over carotid sinus / over epiphyseal areas in young children / over eyes, heart, genitalia / methylmethacrylate cement or plastic / over pelvic, lumbar or abdominal / over a pacemaker / thrombophelbitis / vascular insufficiency

Front 148

what are the nonthermal effects of US

Back 148

increased cell and skin membrane permeability / increased intracellular calcium levels / facilitation of tissue repair / promotion of normal cell function

Front 149

what is a stable cavitation

Back 149

bubbles oscillate in size in response to pressure changes, but don't burst.

Front 150

what is an unstable cavitation

Back 150

bubbles change in size over several cycles and then suddenly burst

Front 151

what is acoustic microstreaming

Back 151

refers to the unidirectional movement of fluids along the boundaries of cell membranes caused by US.

Front 152

what does ERA stand for

Back 152

effective radiating area

Front 153

what does BNR stand for and what does it mean

Back 153

Beam Nonuniformity Ratio: ratio between spatial-peak intensity and spatial-averaged intensity. the higher the quality of the crystals the lower the BNR

Front 154

what does the BNR values range from

Back 154

2:1-8:1, most devices fall between 5:1-6:1

Front 155

what is the difference between high frequency US and low frequency US

Back 155

higher is absorbed more rapidly therefore more superficial than lower frequency

Front 156

what is the setting for supericial and deep tissues

Back 156

superficial: 3MHz
Deep: 1MHz

Front 157

what is duty cycle

Back 157

portion of treatment time US is generated during the entire tx. on time divided by (on time + off time) times 100.

Front 158

how long does an area 3 times the size of the transducer requires

Back 158

5 min

Front 159

Research has indicated what can happen after 14 US treatments

Back 159

reduction of WBC and RBC

Front 160

what is phonophoresis

Back 160

the use of US to deliver meds

Front 161

what are the therapeutic effects of diathermy

Back 161

altered cell membrane / increased collagen extensibility / increased edema / increased metabolic rate / increased mm elasticity / increased nerve conduction velocity / increased pain threshold / increased temperature / vasodilation

Front 162

what are the indications for diathermy

Back 162

bursitis / chronic inflammation / chronic inflammatory pelvic disease / decreased collagen extensible / DJD / increased metabolism / joint stiffness / mm guarding / pain / peripheral nerve regeneration / tissue healing

Front 163

what are the contraindications for diathermy

Back 163

acute infection / acute inflammation / cardiac pacemaker / hemophilia / internal and external metal objects / intrauterine device / ischemic tissue / low back, abdomen or prego / malignant area / moist wound dressing / over a hemorrhagic region / over the eyes / over the testes / pain and temperature sensory deficits

Front 164

what frequency is used for diathermy

Back 164

27.12 MHz

Front 165

describe what capacitive plate applicators produce

Back 165

a high frequency electrical current that alternates between plates. Therefore the pt becomes part of the electrical current, creating a magnetic field peripendicular to the coil, producing eddy currents

Front 166

what is an eddy current

Back 166

cause the oscillation of ions that increase tissue temperature

Front 167

describe what inductive coil applicators do

Back 167

utilize a coil that generages alternating electrical current, creating a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil. producing eddy currents. inductive coil applicators are bundled as cables that wrap around an extremity or as a drum applicatorq

Front 168

describe the capacitive plate method for diathermy

Back 168

metal encased in a plastic housing produces an electical field from one plate to the other /

Front 169

type of field radiation does capacitive plate method uses

Back 169

strong electrical field and a weak magnetic field

Front 170

type of heating pattern does capacitive plate method uses

Back 170

superficial with the majority of energy absorbed within the skin

Front 171

areas of application for capacitive plate method

Back 171

generally over areas of low fat content

Front 172

describe inductive coil method

Back 172

rigid metal encased coil produces a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil

Front 173

type of radiation the inductive coil methods uses

Back 173

consists of a strong magnetic field and a weak electrical field

Front 174

type of heating pattern the inductive coil method uses

Back 174

is deeper with the majority of energy absorbed within the deeper sutructures

Front 175

what application area does the inductive coil method

Back 175

generally over areas of high water content

Front 176

describe what to do inductive applicator

Back 176

clean and dry the area of tx, wrap the coil around the extremity that has been covered by a towel. When using a drum, place the drum directly over the tx area.

Front 177

Describe what to do using capacitive applicator

Back 177

place the 2 plates over both sides of the tx area with equal distance from the skin. Pt NEEDS to be in the same position during tx

Front 178

what are the dosage guidelines for diathermy (Dose I-Dose IV)

Back 178

Dose I= no senation of heat
Dose II= mild heating sensation
Dose III= moderate heating sensation
Dose IV= vigorous heating that is tolerable below the pain threshold

Front 179

how long is the treatment for thermal effects of diathermy

Back 179

20 minutes

Front 180

how long is the treatment for non-thermal effects of diathermy

Back 180

30-60 minutes

Front 181

what is ultraviolet light used to treat

Back 181

skin disorders

Front 182

what is the depth the ultraviolet light will reach in the skin

Back 182

2 mm

Front 183

what are the therapeurticc effects of ultraviolent light

Back 183

bacteriocidal effects / exfoliatioin / facilitate healing / increased pigmentation / thickening of the epidermis / vitamin D production

Front 184

what are the indications of ultraviolet lights

Back 184

acne / chronic ulcer or wound / osteomalacia / psoriasis / sinusitis / vitamin D deficicency

Front 185

what are the contraindication of the ultraviolet lights

Back 185

areas receiving radiation / DM / herpes simplex / pellagra / photosensitive medications / skin CA / systemic lupus erythematosus / tuberculosis

Front 186

describe the following dose for ultraviolet dosage:
Suberythemal dose

Back 186

absence of erythema 24 hoursafter ultraviolet exposure

Front 187

describe the following dose for ultraviolet dosage:
minimal erythemal dose

Back 187

smallest dose that produces erythema that appears in 1-8 hours and fades with trace within 24 hours

Front 188

describe the following dose for ultraviolet dosage:
first degree erythemal dose

Back 188

a does that results in erythema that lasts 1-3 days with clear redness and mild desquamtion. Does is approx 2.5 times the minimal erythemal dose and should be used only if the target area is less than 20% of total body surface

Front 189

describe the following dose for ultraviolet dosage:
second-degree erythemal dose

Back 189

a dose that results in intense erythema, edema, peeling, pigmentation, and itching, the dose is approx 5 times the minimal erythemal dose

Front 190

describe the following dose for ultraviolet dosage:
third-degree erythemal dose

Back 190

results in erythema with severe blistering, peeling and exudation. Dose is approx 10 times the minimal erythemal dose and should be used on areas less than 10 square inches

Front 191

should protective equipment be worn

Back 191

yes, polarized googles worn by the PT and pt

Front 192

what is MED

Back 192

minimal erythemal dose

Front 193

how do you test MED

Back 193

place a piece of paper with 5 one inch cuts over a pt's anterior forearm, pt should have all non-tx areas covered. once the lamp is warm it should be positioned at 90 degree angle to the area with 24-40 inches distance from forearm. the squares should be exposed in 15 sec increments up to 75 seconds.

Front 194

T/F: treatment time for ultraviolet should be the same- treatment to treatment

Back 194

FALSE< should increase with each consecutive treatment.

Front 195

Therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy

Back 195

decreased abnormal tone / increased blood flow / increased core temperature / pain relief / relaxation / vasodilation / wound debridement

Front 196

Indications of hydrotherapy

Back 196

arthritis / burn care / edema / decresed ROM / desensitization of residual limb / joint stifness / mm spasm / mm strain / pain / sprain / wound care

Front 197

Contraindications for hydrotherapy

Back 197

advanced CV or pul. disease / active bleeding / diminished sensation / gangrene / impaired circulation / incontinence / maceration / PVD / renal infection / severe infection / severe mental disorders

Front 198

Describe the following property of water:
Buoyancy

Back 198

there is an upward force on the body when immersed in water equal to the amount of water that has been displaced by the body

Front 199

Describe the following property of water:
Resistance

Back 199

water molecules attract to one another and provide resistance to movement of the body in water. Resistance of water increases in proportion to the speed of motion

Front 200

Describe the following property of water:
specific gravity

Back 200

specific gravity of water = 1.0, typically humans average .974

Front 201

Describe the following property of water:
specific heat

Back 201

the measure of the ability of a fluid to store heat. Calculated as the amount of thermal energy required to increase the fluid's temperature by one unit

Front 202

Describe the following property of water:
Total drag force

Back 202

A hydromechanic force exerted on a person submerged in water that normally opposes the direction of the body's motion. comprised of profile drag, wave drag, and surface drag forces.

Front 203

Describe the following property of water:
Viscosity

Back 203

magnitude of the cohesive forces between the molecules specific to the fluid.

Front 204

what is laminar flow

Back 204

occurs when each particle of a fluid follows a smooth path without crossing paths

Front 205

what is turbulent flow

Back 205

occurs when fluids flow in erratic, small whirlpool-like circles called eddy current .

Front 206

describe an extremity tank used for hydrotherapy

Back 206

used for UE or LE. depth of 18-24", length 28-32 inches and width of 15 inches (10-45 gallons)

Front 207

Describe a lowboy tank used for hydrotherapy

Back 207

used for larger parts of extremities and permits long sitting with water up to the midthoracic level. Approx: depth 18 inches, length of 52-65 inches and width of 24 inches (90-105 gallons)

Front 208

describe highboy tank used for hydrotherapy

Back 208

permits sitting in chest-high with the hip and knees flexed. Approx dimenstions are depth of 28 inches, length of 36-48 inches, and width of 20-24 inches (60-105 gallons)

Front 209

Describe the Hubbard tank that is used for hydrotherapy

Back 209

used for full-body immersion, approximate dimensions for the Hubbard tank are a depth of four feet, a length of 8 feet, ad a width 6 feet.

Front 210

what are the contraindications of the Hubbard tank

Back 210

unstable blood pressure and incontinence

Front 211

what should the temperature be for a Hubbard tank

Back 211

no more than 100 F

Front 212

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be:
32-79 F

Back 212

acute inflammation of distal extremities

Front 213

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be:
exercise

Back 213

79-92 F

Front 214

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be:
wound care, spasticity

Back 214

92-96 F

Front 215

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be: cardiopulmonary compromise, tx of burns

Back 215

96-98 F

Front 216

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be:
pain managment

Back 216

99-104

Front 217

for the following purpose what should the water temperature be:
chronic rheumatoid or OA, increased ROM

Back 217

104-110

Front 218

how long is treatment usually for whirlpool

Back 218

10-30 minutes

Front 219

Describe the contrast bath

Back 219

warm= 104-106 F for 3-4 minutes then put into cool bath which is btwn 50-60 F for 3-4 min. repeat for 25-30 min

Front 220

Therapeutic effects of traction

Back 220

decreased disk protrusion / decreased pain / increased joint mobility / increased mm relaxation / increased soft tissue / promote arterial, venous, lymphatic flow

Front 221

indications of traction

Back 221

disk hernation / joint hypomobility / mm guarding / mm spasm / narrowing of the intervertebral foramen / nerve root impingement / osteophyte formation / spinal ligament and other connective tissue contractures / subacute joint inflammation / subacute pain

Front 222

Contraindications of traction

Back 222

acute inflammation / acute sprains or strains / aortic anersym / bone diseases / cardiac or pulmonary problems / conditions where movement signficantly increase symptoms / conditions where movement signficantly increases symptoms / conditions where movement is contraindicated/ dislocation / fracture / hiatal hernia / increased pain or radicular symptoms with traction / infections in bone or joints / meningitis / osteoporosis / peripheralization of symptoms / positive alar ligament test / positive VA test / prego / advanced RA / subluxation / TMJ pain or dysfunction / tumors / vascular conditions / vertebral joint instability

Front 223

during lumbar traction, does the the flexed position allow

Back 223

greater separation of the spine of the posterior structures including the facet joints and IV foramen

Front 224

during lumbar traction, does the the extended position allow

Back 224

results greater separation of the anterior structures including the disk spaces

Front 225

what position is lumbar traction for disk protrusion is most commonly known

Back 225

prone b/c can extend and forces on the disc are directed anteriorly.

Front 226

During the hold period of lumbar traction, what is the percentage of weight of the minimal weight to maximal weight

Back 226

50%

Front 227

what is the maximum poundage to use as force during the initial lumbar traction

Back 227

30 pounds

Front 228

what percentage of body weight is needed to stretch soft tissues

Back 228

25%

Front 229

what percentage of body weight is needed to separate vertebrae

Back 229

50%

Front 230

how long is the treatment time

Back 230

5-30 minutes, 10 minutes for disk protrusion

Front 231

how much cervical flexion would you need to target the following area during cervical traction: upper cervical

Back 231

0-5 degrees

Front 232

how much cervical flexion would you need to target the following area during cervical traction:
midcervical

Back 232

10-20 degrees

Front 233

how much cervical flexion would you need to target the following area during cervical traction:
lower cervical flexoin

Back 233

25-35 degrees

Front 234

what poundage should be used for the initial cervical traction tx

Back 234

10 pounds

Front 235

what % of body weight would need to be used in order to stretch soft tissues

Back 235

7-10 % of body weight

Front 236

what % of body weight would need to be used in order to separate cervical vertebrae

Back 236

13-20%

Front 237

Therapeutic effects of compression

Back 237

control of peripheral edema / management of scar formation / prevention of DVT / promote lymphatic and venous return / shaping of the residual limb

Front 238

Indications for compression

Back 238

edema / hypertrophic scarring / DVT / heart failure / infection of treated area / malgnancyt of treated area / unstable or acute fx / pulmonary edema

Front 239

Describe long-stretch bandage

Back 239

provides greatest resting pressure, applying 60-70 mmHg of pressure. Provides very little working pressure.

Front 240

Describe short-stretch bandage

Back 240

produce low pressure at rest and high working pressure when the mm expand. Most effective with people who are moderately active

Front 241

Describe multi-layered bandages

Back 241

produce moderate to high resting pressure through the use of several bandaages containing elastic and inelastic layers. They provide protection, absorption, compression. Most commonly used to treat venous stasis ulcers

Front 242

Describe semirigid bandages

Back 242

treated the gauze that has dried into a hardened form. Often used to treat venous stasis ulcers

Front 243

how much compression force does the ulnna boot give

Back 243

35-40 mmHg

Front 244

what compression force is needed to prevent DVT

Back 244

16-18 mmHg

Front 245

what compression force is needed to be used for scar tissue control

Back 245

20-30 mmHg

Front 246

what compression force is needed to be used for edema control

Back 246

30-40 mmHg

Front 247

when setting the intermittent pneumatic compression pump what should the compression force be set to

Back 247

30-80 mmHg Not exceeding pts diastolic BP

Front 248

treatment of UE typically requires how much force

Back 248

30-60mm Hg

Front 249

treatment of LE typically requires how much force

Back 249

40-80 mmHg

Front 250

how long does treatment last for intermittent pneumatic compression pump

Back 250

30 minutes to 4 hours

Front 251

therapeutic effects of CPM machine

Back 251

decrease post-operative pain /' improve the rate of recovery / increase ROM / lessesns effects of immobilization / reduce edema by assisting venous and lymphatic return / stimulate tissue healing.

Front 252

Indications of CPM

Back 252

edema / hypertropic scarring / lymphedema / new residual limb / risk for DVT / stasis ulcers

Front 253

Contraindications of CPM

Back 253

increase pain after use / particular anticoagulants may increase risk for intracompartment hematoma / unwated translation of opposing bones

Front 254

therapeutic effects of electrotherapy

Back 254

decreased edema / decreased pain / eliminate disuse atrophy / facilitate bone repair / facilitate wound healing / improved ROM / increased local circulation / muscle re-education / mm strengthening / relaxation of mm spasm

Front 255

indications of electrotherapy

Back 255

Bell's palsy / decreased ROM / facial neuropathy / fx / idiopathic scoliosis / joint effusion / labor and delivery / mm atrophy / mm spasm / mm weakness / open wound / pain / stress incontinence / shoulder subluxation

Front 256

Contraindications of electrotherapy

Back 256

cardiac arrhythmia / cardiac pacemaker / malignancy / osteomyelitis / over a prego uterus / over carotid sinus / pt with bladder stimulator / phlebitis / seizure disorders

Front 257

define current

Back 257

directed flow of change from one place to another.

Front 258

Define voltage

Back 258

measure of electromotive force or the electrical potential difference.

Front 259

Define resistance

Back 259

describes the ability of a material to oppose the flow of ions through it. Resistance = voltage/current

Front 260

Describe direct current

Back 260

constant flow of electrons from the anode (+) to the cathode (-) for a period of greater than one second without interruption. Used with iontophoresis

Front 261

Describe alternating current

Back 261

characterized by polarity that continuously changes from positive to negative with the change in direction of current flow. can be Biphasic, symmetrical or asymmetrical. most frequently used as burst mode or time-modulated mode

Front 262

Describe monopolar technique

Back 262

stimulating or active electrode is placed over the target area. Second dispersive electode is placed at another site away from the target area/ Typically the active electrode is smaller than the dispersive electrode.

Front 263

what is monompolar technique is used for

Back 263

wounds, iontophoresis and in the tx of edema

Front 264

describe bipolar technique

Back 264

two active electrodes are placed over the target area. Electrodes are equal in size

Front 265

what is bipolar technique used for

Back 265

mm weakness, neuromuscular facilitation, spasm, ROM

Front 266

For ESTIM explain the following parameter:
amplitude

Back 266

magnitude of current, average amplitude refers to the average amount of current supplied over a period of time AKA intensity or voltage

Front 267

For ESTIM explain the following parameter:
Rise time

Back 267

time it takes for the current to move from zero to the peak intensity within each phase

Front 268

what is decay time

Back 268

time it takes for the current to move from the peak intensity to zero

Front 269

For ESTIM explain the following parameter:
phase duration

Back 269

amount of time it takes for one phase of a pulse.

Front 270

what is pulse duration for biphasic current

Back 270

amount of time it takes for 2 phases of a pulse

Front 271

is there a pulse duration for monophasic

Back 271

no

Front 272

Describe frequency

Back 272

number of pulses delivered through each channel per second.

Front 273

Describe frequency

Back 273

number of pulses delivered through each channel per second.

Front 274

where should the electrodes be placed for neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Back 274

one on the motor point and the other at least 2 inches away

Front 275

what is the frequency needed to get a smooth tetanic contraction

Back 275

35-50 pulses per second

Front 276

Oh long should the on time and off time be for the duty cycle when using NMES

Back 276

on time: 6-10 seconds
off time: 5 X longer than on time

Front 277

if on time for duty cycle is 6-10 seconds, how long should the ramp time be

Back 277

1-4 seconds

Front 278

how long should NMES treatment time be

Back 278

minimum of 10 contractions, maximum of 20 contractions, ideally 3 X a week

Front 279

describe conventional TENS

Back 279

delivery of electrical pulses having short duration and high frequency with low current amplitude. The amplitude should be between sensory and motor.

Front 280

Describe acupuncture like TENS

Back 280

delivery of electrical pulses that have long duration and low frequency with moderate current amplitude. Current should be sufficient to general muscle twitching. Electrodes should be placed over the area of pain or a related area. Treatment time is 20-45 min

Front 281

Describe brief intense TENS

Back 281

electrical pulses have a long duration and high frequency with moderate current amplitude.

Front 282

what conditions are brief intense used for

Back 282

strong paresthesia or a motor response

Front 283

How long is the treatment using brief intense TENS

Back 283

15 min

Front 284

Describe Noxious TENS

Back 284

characterized by high density current that is described by pts as uncomfortable or painful. Stimulation is delievered in 30-60 second intervals to motor, acupuncture or trigger points.

Front 285

what type of waveform is used for noxious TENS

Back 285

monophasic pulsatile current or biphasic pulsatile current with spiked, square, rectanfular or sine waveform

Front 286

what are electrode placement based on for Noxious TENS

Back 286

sites of nerve roots / trigger points / acupuncture

Front 287

Describe inferential current

Back 287

combines two medium frequency alternating waveforms that are biphasic. 2 waveforms are delievered through two sets of electrodes from separate channels of same stimulator. when currents intersect, the produce a higher amplitude when both currents are in the same phase and a lower current when they are in opposite phases. Continuous sequence produces envelopes of pulses known as beats

Front 288

inferential current is most often used for

Back 288

pain relief / increased circulation and mm stimulation

Front 289

describe the following method of inferential current delivery:
bipolar delivery

Back 289

use 2 electrodes connected to a single channel with 2 medium sinusoidal current. Interference between the two currents creates an amplitude modulated inferential current with a beat frequency. Allows for inferential current to be modulated prior to delivery of the current to the electrodes. Delivery creates an oval-shaped field of interferential current

Front 290

Describe the following interferential current delivery method
quadripolar disorder

Back 290

utilizes 4 electrodes with each pair connected to a single channel. Interference between the currents using this method occurs at the level of the treatment area within the targeted tissues. Currents intersect at 90 deg angle, maximum resultant amplutde occurs halfway between 2 lines of current. Current tx area creates a f-leaf clover shaped tx field within the area between all 4 electrodes

Front 291

Describe the following interferential current delivery method:
quadripolar with automatic vector scan

Back 291

one of the circuits is allowed to vary in amplitude and this allows the field pattern to automatically rotate between the two lines of current, field is a circular shape, allows for an overall larger field of current

Front 292

for iontophoresis what determines the rate of ion delivery

Back 292

concentration of ion delivery / pH of solution / current density / duration of the treatment

Front 293

what is the pulse frequency and pulse duration for the following TENS: Conventional

Back 293

pulse frequency 30-150pps
pulse duration 50-100 usec

Front 294

what is the pulse frequency and pulse duration for the following TENS: acupuncture

Back 294

frequency: 2-4 pps
duration: 100-200 usec

Front 295

what is the pulse frequency and pulse duration for the following TENS: Brief intense

Back 295

frequency: 60-200 pps
duration: 150-500 usec

Front 296

what is the pulse frequency and pulse duration for the following TENS:
Noxious

Back 296

frequency: 2-4 pps or 30-150 pps
duration 250 usec up to 1 second

Front 297

indications for iontophoresis

Back 297

analgesia / calcium deposits / fungal infection / hyperhidrosis / inflammation / ischemia / keloids / mm spasm / myositis ossificans / plantar warts / scar tissue / wounds

Front 298

contraindications of iontophoresis

Back 298

drug allergies / skin sensitivity reactions to specific ion

Front 299

what is the dosage for iontophroesis

Back 299

40-80mA-min; this same dosage could be delivered in 10 min with a current amplitude of 4.9mA.

Front 300

with iontophoresis, which electrode is the active one

Back 300

the one with solution

Front 301

with iontophoresis, the electrode WITHOUT solution is called what

Back 301

dispersive electrode

Front 302

how far should the electrodes be placed during iontophoresis

Back 302

equal to the diameter of the electrode

Front 303

how long is treatment time for iontophoresis

Back 303

10-20 minutes

Front 304

how can you tell if the patient has developed an acidic reaction or alkaline reaction

Back 304

acidic reaction will form under the positive electrode; an alkaline reaction will form under the negative electrode (cathode)

Front 305

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
acetic acid

Back 305

indications: calcific depositis, myositis ossifcans
polarity: negative

Front 306

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity: calcium cholride

Back 306

indications: scar tissue / keloids / mm spasms
polarity: negative

Front 307

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
copper sulfacte

Back 307

indications: fungal infection
polarity: positive

Front 308

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
dexamtheasone

Back 308

indications: inflammation
polarity: negative

Front 309

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
iodine

Back 309

indications: scars, adhesive capsulitis
polarity: negative

Front 310

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
lidocaine

Back 310

indications: analgesia, inflammation
polarity: positive

Front 311

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
magnesium sulfate

Back 311

indications: mm spasms / ischemia
polarity: positive

Front 312

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity:
salicylates

Back 312

indications: mm and joint pain / plantar warts
polarity: negative

Front 313

for the following medication what are the indications and what is the polarity: zinc oxide

Back 313

indications: healing, dermal ulcers, wounds
polarity: positive

Front 314

Describe intramuscular EMG

Back 314

insert electrode into muscle / can measure strength of contraction based off of size, shape and frequency of motor unit potentials. A nerve conduction test can be done simultaneously

Front 315

Describe: fibrillation potentials

Back 315

indicative of LMN disease

Front 316

Describe: sharp wave

Back 316

denervated mm disorders at rest, primary mm disease such as mm dystrophy

Front 317

Describe: fasciculations:

Back 317

irritations/degneration of anterior horn cell, nerve root compression or mm spasm

Front 318

Describe: repetitive discharges

Back 318

myopathies; lesion of anterior horm cells and peripheral nerves

Front 319

polyphasic potentials indicate

Back 319

myopathies; mm or peripheral nerve involvement

Front 320

Abnormal results from intramuscular EMG can be associated with what medical conditions

Back 320

ALS, carpal tunnel syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, peripheral neuropathy, poliomeyelitis

Front 321

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
C5-C6

Back 321

lateral deltoid or biceps brachii

Front 322

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
C6-C7

Back 322

triceps brachii or flexor carpi radialis

Front 323

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
C7-C8

Back 323

extensor indicis proprius

Front 324

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
C8-T1

Back 324

abductor pollicis brevis or first dorsal interossei

Front 325

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
L2-L4

Back 325

vastus medialis

Front 326

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
L4-L5

Back 326

tib anterior

Front 327

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
L4-S1

Back 327

TFL

Front 328

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
L5-S1

Back 328

peroneus longus

Front 329

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
L5- S2

Back 329

glute max, hamstrings

Front 330

for the following segments, where would you insert an EMG needle:
S1-S2

Back 330

gastrocs

Front 331

Therapeutic effects of biofeedback

Back 331

decreased accessory mm use / decreased mm spasm / decreased pain / improved muscle strength / muscle relaxation / neuromusuclar control

Front 332

Indications of biofeedback

Back 332

bowel incontinence / cerebral palsy / hemiplegia / impaired motor control / muscle spasm / muscle weakness / pain / SCI / urinary incontinence

Front 333

Contraindications of biofeedback

Back 333

conditions where mm contraction is detrimental / skin irritation

Front 334

How should the electrodes be placed for biofeedback

Back 334

parallel to the mm fibers and close to each other

Front 335

how long should treatment be for muscle relaxation using biofeedback

Back 335

10-15 minutes ; decreased "noise" is a good sign

Front 336

how long should treatment be for muscle re-education using biofeedback

Back 336

5-10 minutes; increased audio or visual feedback is a good sign. contraction should be held for 6-10 seconds

Front 337

Therapeutic effects of massage

Back 337

altered pain transmission / decreased anxiety and tension / decreased mm atrophy / decreased mm spasm / facilitate healing / improved circulation / increased lymphatic circulation / loosen adhesions / reduction of edema / relaxation / removal of metabolic waste / stimulate reflexive effects

Front 338

Indications of massage

Back 338

adhesions / bursitis / decreased ROM / edema / intermittent claudication / lactic acid excess / migrain or HA / mm spasm or cramping / pain / Raynaud's syndrome / scar tissue / tendonitis / trigger point

Front 339

what are the contraindications for massage

Back 339

acute injury / arteriosclerosis / CA / cellulitis / embolus / infection / thrombus

Front 340

define centrifugal

Back 340

moving from the center of the body out

Front 341

define centripedal

Back 341

moving in from the extremities toward the center of the body

Front 342

define effleurage

Back 342

light stroke that produces a reflexive response. The technique is used at the beginning and the end of massage to allow pt to relax. Strokes should be directed towards the heart.

Front 343

Define friction

Back 343

incorporates small circular motions over a trigger point or mm spasm. attempts to reduce edema, loosen adhesion and relieve mm spasms

Front 344

Define Petrissage

Back 344

AKA kneading. mm is squeezed and rolled under the therapist's hands. Goal is to loosen adhesions, improve lymphatic return and facilitate removal of metabolic waste from the treatment area. Should be distal to proximal

Front 345

Define Tapotement

Back 345

rapid alternating movements such as tapping, hacking, cupping and slapping. to enhance circulation and stimulate peripheral nerve ending

Front 346

Define vibration

Back 346

vibration over the area to cause relaxation