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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
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phsophofructokinase-1
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rate limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis
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fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
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rate limiting enzyme of TCA cycle
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isocitrate dehydrogenase
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rate limiting enzyme of glycogen synthesis
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glycogen synthase
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rate limting enzyme of glycogenolysis
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glycogen phosphorylase
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rate limiting enzyme of HMP shunt
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glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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rate limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis
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carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
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rate limiting enzyme of de nove purine synthesis
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glutamine PRPP amidotransferase
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rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle
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carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
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rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis
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acetyl-coA carboxylase
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rate limting enzyme of ketogenesis
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HMG-CoA synthase
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rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
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HMG-CoA synthase
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what is the characteristic sequence of the promotor region? What does a mutation in the sequence cause?
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-25 TAAT box
-75 CAAT box mutation would cause decreased amount of transcribed gene |
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what are the pathological findings in the arteries of pulmonary HTN?
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atherosclerosis
medial hypertrophy intimal fibrosis of pulmonary arteries |
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Rate limiting enzyme of Urea cycle
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CPS-I
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rate limiting enzyme of HMP shunt
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Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
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rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis
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acetyl-coa carboxylase
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rate limiting enzyme of b-oxidation of fatty acids
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carnatine acyl-transferase
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rate limiting enzyme of ketone bodies
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HMG-CoA synthetase
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rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
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HMG CoA reductase
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rate limting enzyme of bile synthesis
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7-a-hydroxylase
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rate limiting enzyme of heme synthesis
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ALA synthetase
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what is the normal value for the A-a gradient?
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normal = 10-15 mmHg
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what might an elevated A-a gradient indicate?
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something wrong inside the lungs
hypoxemia, V/Q mismatch, advanced age |
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a 42 year old with fibroids is chronically tired. What is the most likely diagnosis and what changes have occurred in the oxygen content and saturation?
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the patient is most likely having increased vaginal bleeding
this can lead to decreased hemoglobin available to transport oxygen producing an iron deficiency anemia (hypochromic microcytic) - oxygen content is low but oxygen saturation is normal |
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patient with hypoxia and CXR reveals enlarged heart. What is the most likely cause of hypoxia?
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heart failure
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what is the V/Q at the apex of the lung
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3
wasted ventilation |
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what is the V/Q at the base of the lung?
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0.6
wasted perfusion |
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what is the V/Q during airway obstruciton?
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1
decreased ventilation shunting |
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what is the V/Q during blood obstruciton?
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infinity
decreased perfusion increased ventilation with no where to go |
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how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
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1. bicarbonate
2. N-terminus of Hb 3. Dissolved |
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how do the CO2 levels in circulation change during exercise?
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no change in PaO2 or PaCO2 but an increase in venous PaCO2
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in what disorder is there an abnormal breakdown of elastin?
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a1-anti-trypsin deficiency
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name the genetic syndrome: alcoholics with a B1 deficiency and neurological defects
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pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
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normal genetic syndrome: abnormal type I collagen synthesis
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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name genetic syndrome
Heinz bodies |
G6PD deficiency
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name genetic syndrome
must/mousy odor, albinism, MR, eczema |
Phenylalanine kinase deficiency (PKU)
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name genetic disorder
hyperextensible skin, loose joints, bleeding tendancy |
Elhers- Danlos syndrome
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hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis
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Fructose intolerance
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bloating
cramps osmotic diarrhea |
lactose deficiency
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dark brown urine, organs, and CT, benign disease
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alkaptourina
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multiple fractures and blue sclera
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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what are the questions asked during the 4 clinical phases of drug development?
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I: is it safe?
II: does it work? III: does it work better? IV: post market surviellence |
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how does the body compensate for hypoxia at high altitudes?
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respiratory alkalosis
increased EPO increase 2,3 BPG increase mT increased renal excretion of bicarbonate |
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how must does the H&H change in a person that has acclimatized to hypoxic environment for weeks?
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Hematocrit: normal is 40-45
increases to 60 Hemoglobin: normal 15 g/dL increases to 20 g/dL |
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at what G force does visual black out occur? why?
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G force = 4-6
due to excessive pooling of the blood in the abdomen and LEs and decreased perfusion of the heart and brain |
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how is the body affected by a prolonged stay in space at zero gravity?
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decreased BV
decreased RBC mass decreased max CO decreased muscle strength & work capacity decreased calcium and phosphate leading to decreased bone mass |
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common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patient
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Pneumocytist jiiroveci
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most common cause of atypical/walking pneumonia
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Mycoplasma pneumonia
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common causative agent for pneumonia in alcoholics
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Klebsiell pneumonia
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can cause an interstitial pneumonia in bird handlers
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Chlamydia psittici
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often the cause of pneumonia in a patient with history of exposure to bats and bat droppings
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Histoplasma
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often the cause of pneumonia in a patient who has recently visited south california, new mexico, or west texas
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Coccidiodes
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pneumonia associated with recurrent jelly sputum
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Kleibsella
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Q fever
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Coxeillia burnetti
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associated with pneumonia from air conditioners
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Legionella pneumophilia
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most common cause of pneumonia in children 1 year of age and younger
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RSV
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most common cause of pneumonia in a neonate
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group B strep
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most common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults
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Strep pneumonia
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common cause of pneumonia in patients with other health problems
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Klebsiella pneumonia
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most common cause of viral pneumonia
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RSV
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causes a wool sorters pneumonia
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Bacillus anthracis
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endogenous flora in 20% of adults
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Strep pneumonia
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common bacterial cause of COPD exacerbation
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Hamophilus influenza
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common pneumonia in ventilator patients and those with CF
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Pseudomonas
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Pontiac fever
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Leigonella
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examination of a lung at autopsy reveals peripheral lesion with caseous necrosis. What is the diagnosis?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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a 30 year old comatose man on ventilatory support in the ICU develops an infection and dies. Autopsy reveals a pus filled cavity in his right lung. What is the likely etiology?
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Aspiration --> lung abscess
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a 55 year old man who is a smoker and heavy drinker presents with a new cough and flu-like symptoms. Gram stain shows NO organisms; silver stain of sputum shows gram negative rods. What is the diagnossi?
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Leigonella pneumophilia
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CXR shows collapse of middle lobe of right lung and mass in right bronchus; patient has history of recurrent pneumonias. What is the diagnosis?
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Broncheogenic carcinoma
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infections agent causing pneumonia: Gram + cocci in clusters
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Staph aureus
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infectious agent causing pneumonia: Gram + cocci in pairs
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Strep pneumonia
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infectious agent causing pneumonia in 80 year old Gram - rod
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E. coli
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infectious agent causing pneumonia in neonate Gram + cocci
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Group B strep
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infectious agent causing pneumonia in neonate Gram - rod
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E. coli
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exotoxin that inhibits Ach release leading to flaccid paralysis
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Clostridium botulinum
botulinum toxin |
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exotoxin Lecithinase that causes gas gangrene
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C. perferinges
Alpha toxin |
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exotoxin that inhibits the inhibitor of adenylate cyclase > whooping cough
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Pertusis toxin
Bordetella pertusis |
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exotoxin that stimulates adenylate cyclase > Cl- and water into the gut > diarrhea
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Cholera toxin (Vibrio cholera)
Heat liable E. coli |
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exotoxin that destroys leukocytes
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Leukocidiin (S. aureus)
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exotoxin that is an enterotoxin that causes rice water diarrhea
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cholera toxin (V. cholera)
Heat liable E. coli |
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exotoxin that causes scarlet fever
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Erythogenic and pyogenic toxins from Strep. pyogenes
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causes toxic shock syndrome
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TSST S. aureus
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inactivates EF2 > pseudomembranous phayngitis
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Diphtheria toxin
Corneybacterium |
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blocks the release of the inhibitory NT glycine
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Tetanospasmin f/ C. tetani
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what 5 bacteria secrete enterotoxins ( exotoxin that causes water and electrolyte imbalances of intestinal epithelium resulting in diarrhea)?
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E. coli (heat liable)
Vibrio cholera Bacillus anthracis Yersina entercolitica Staph. aureus |
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by what method are plasmids exchanged between bacteria?
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conjugation
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causes scalded skin syndrome
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Staph aureus
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white membrane on pharynx
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Corneybacterium diphtheria
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pharyngitis > glomerulonephritis
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Group A strep
strep pyogenes |
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most common cause of meningitis
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S. pneumonia
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most common cause of osteomyolitis
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Staph aureus
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serious new born infections
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E. coli
Listeria Group B strep (strep aglacia) |
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infant with poor muscle tone
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Clostridium botulinium
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diarrhea after antibiotic tx
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C. diffficile
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respiratory distress in a postal worker
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Bacillus anthracis
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otitis media in children
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Strep pneumonia
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Cellulitis
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S. aureus
S. pyogenes |
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one hour after eating potato salad at a picnic an entire family began to vomit. After 10 hours they were better. What i the organism?
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Staphy aureus
ingestion of the preformed toxins |
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what patients are susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes?
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newborns
immunocompromised |
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what bacteria are spore formers?
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Bacillus spp.
Clostridium spp. Coxiella burtenetti |
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MOA of penicillins
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cell wall inhibitors
binds penicillinase binding protein blocks transpeptidase cross linking of cell wall activates autolytic enzymes |
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clinical use of ampicillin and amoxicillin?
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Gram + bacteria
Gram - bacteria HELPS: Hamophilus influenza E. coli Listeria Proteus spp. Salmonella Shigella |
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what 3 penicillins are used to treat Psedomonas infections?
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Piperacillin
Ticardicillin Carbenicillin |
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mycoplasma pneumonia antibiotic
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azithromycin
tetracyclines |
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rocky mountain spotted fever antibiotic
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doxycycline
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early lyme disease
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doxycycline
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late lyme disease
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ceftriaxone
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syphilis
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penicillin G
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leprosy antibiotic
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dapsone
rifampine clofazimine |
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bacterial vaginosis antibiotic
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metrondiazole
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crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the 2nd-3rd intercostal space close to the sternum
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aortic stenosis
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early diastolic decrescendo murmur heart best along the left side of the sternum
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pulmonic regurgitation
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late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum
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tricuspid stenosis
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pansystolic murmur best heard at the apex and often radiates into the left axillia
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mitral regurgitation
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late systolic murmur usually preceded by mid systolic click
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mitral valve prolapse
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crescendo decrescendo systolic murmur best heard in the 2-3rd intercostal interspace close to the sternum
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pulmonic stenosis
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pansystolic murmur best heard along the left lower sternal border and generally radiates to the right lower sternal border
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tricuspid regurgitation
VSD |
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rumbling late diastolic murmur with an opening snap
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mitral stenosis
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pansystolic murmur best heard at the 4-6th left intercostal space
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tricuspid regurgitation
VSD |
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continuous machine like murmur in systole and diastole
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PDA
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high pitched diastolic murmur associated with a widened pulse pressure
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aortic regurgitation
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drug of choice for partial and tonic-clonic seizures
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carbamazeipine
phenytoin valproic acid |
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4 other drugs useful in partial and tonic clonic seizures
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lamotrigene
topiromate gabapentine (adjunct therapy) |
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drug of choice absence seizures
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Ethosuximide
valproic acid |
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used to treat status epilepticus and eclampsia
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epilepticu: benzodiazepienes
eclampsia: magnesium sulfate |
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common side effects of epilepsy drugs
|
diplopia
sedation ataxia nystagmus dizziness Steven Johnson Syndrome |
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SE of phenytoin
|
gingivial hyperplasia
hirsuitism fetal hydantoin syndrome induces CYP450 drug induced lupus |
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which anti-epileptics are teratogens?
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valproic acid
phenytoin carbamazepiene |
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what drugs cause Stevens Johnson Syndrome?
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Seizure drugs
Sulfonamides Penicillins Allopurinol |
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what drugs are known to cause agranulocytosis?
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Carbamazepiene
Clozapine Colchicine PTU and Methimazole |
|
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hepatotoxic anti-epileptics
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valproic acid
carbamaziepine |
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what drugs induce the CYP450 system?
|
Barbiturates
Carbemezipine Griseofulvin Phenytoin Quinidine Rifampin St. Johns Wort |
|
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which anti-epileptics block the sodium channels
|
carbamazepine
valproic acid phenyotion lamotrigiene topiromate |
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which anti-epileptics work by potentiating the effects inhibitory effects of GABA?
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Valproic acid
Phenobarbital BZDs Gabapentiene topiromate Tiagabine Vigabatrin Levetiracetam |
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how is Barbiturate overdose managed?
|
symptom support
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how is benzo overdose managed?
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Flumaziel
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antidote acetaminophen
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N-acetylcysteine
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antidote salicylates
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sodium bicarbonate to alkalinze the urine
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antidote amphetamines
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ammonia chloride to acidify the urine
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antidote for anticholinesterases and organophosphates
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Proloxidone to replenish the AChE and Atropine
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antimuscarinic and anticholinergic antidote
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Pheostygimine
|
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antidote b-blockers
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Glucagon
Atropine Calcium |
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antidote Digitalis
|
follow ACLS protocol
bradycardia > Atropine |
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Iron antidote
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Deforoximine
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Lead antidote
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EDTA/Succimer/Dimercapil
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Arsenic/mercury/gold antidote
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Dimercapril/succimer
|
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antidote Copper, arsenic, gold
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Penicillamine
|
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antidote cyanide
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Nitrites
Hydroxycobalamin |
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antidote methemoglobin
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Methylene blue
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antidote carbon monoxide
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100% oxygen
|
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antidote for methanol, ethylene glycol
|
Fomepezil
- inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase |
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antidote opioid overdose
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naloxone/Netrexone
|
|
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antidote for BZDs overdose
|
Flumazenil
|
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TCA overdose antidote
|
sodium bicarbonate
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antidote for Heparin OD
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Protamine sulfate
|
|
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antidote for Warfarin OD
|
Vitamin K and Fresh Frozen Plasma
|
|
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antidote for tPA, streptokinase
|
aminocaproic acid
|
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antidote for theophylline OD
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b-blockers
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Fabry's Disease clinical findings
|
peripheral neuropathy of hands and feet
angiokeratoma CV/renal disease deficient enzyme: alpha-GALACTOsidase A Accumulated: Ceramide trihexodase X-linked recessive |
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what is the deficient enzyme and accumulated substance in Fabry's disease?
|
alpha-GALACTOsidase A
accumulated: Ceramide Trixhexadase |
|
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clinical findings in Neiman Picks disease
|
progressive neurodegeneration, hepatosplenomegaly, cherry red spot on macula (FOAM cells)
deficient: sphingomyelinase accumulated: sphingomyelin autosomal recessive |
|
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deficient enzyme and accumulated substance in Nieman Picks disease?
|
deficient: sphingomyelinase
accumulated: sphingomyelin |
|
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clinical description of Krabbe's disease.
|
peripheral neuropathy, developmental delays, optic atrophy, globoid cells
deficient: b-GALACTOcerebrosidase accumulated: GALACTOcerebroside autosomal recessive |
|
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deficient enzyme and accumulated substance in Krabbe's disease.
|
deficient: GALACTOcerebrosidase
accumulated: GALACTOcerebroside |
|
|
clinical description of Hurler's syndrome
|
mucopolysacharidosis
Development delays, GARGOYLISM, airway obstruction, corneal clouding, hepatosplenomegaly Deficient: a-L-Iduronidase accumulated: heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate autosomal recessive |
|
|
deficient enzyme and accumulated substance in Hurler's syndrome.
|
deficient: a-L-Iduronidase
accumulated: hepran sulfate and dermatan sulfate |
|
|
Gaucher's disease clinical description
|
most common lysosomal storage disease.
CF: hepatosplenomegaly, aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crisis macrophages look like crumpled up tissue paper deficient: Glucocerebrosidase accumulated: Glucocerebside autosomal recessive |
|
|
Tay Sachs disease clinical description
|
progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delays, cherry red spot on macula
Lysosome have onion skin appearance NO HEPTOSPLENOMEGALY deficient: Hexosaminidase A accumulated: GM2 ganglioside autosomal recessive |
|
|
clinical description of Metachromatic leukodystrophy
|
central and peripheral demyelination + ataxia and dementia
Deficient: Arylsulfatase A accumulated: cerebroside sulfate autosomal recessive |
|
|
accumulated substance and deficient enzyme in Metachromatic leukodystrophy.
|
deficient: arylsulfatase A
accumulated: cerebroside sulfate |
|
|
Hunters syndrome
|
mucopolysaccharodosis
MILD Hurler's + aggressive behavior, NO corneal clouding deficient: Iduronate sulfate accumulated: heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate X-linked recessive |
|
|
accumulated substance and deficient enzyme in Hunter's syndrome.
|
deficient: Iduronate sulfate
accumulation: heparan sulfate dermatan sulfate |
|
|
C5 Nerve root
|
sensation of the lateral arm
elbow flexion biceps reflex |
|
|
C6 nerve root
|
sensation of the lateral forearm
wrist extension brachioradialis reflex |
|
|
C7 nerve root
|
sensation of the middle finger
elbow extension and wrist flexion triceps reflex |
|
|
C8 nerve root
|
sensation of medial forearm
finger flexion |
|
|
T1 nerve root
|
sensation of medial arm
interosseous muscle action DAB: dorsal abduct PAD: palmar aDduct |
|
|
22q11 deletion syndrome
|
abberent development of 3rd/4th branchial pouches
cleft palate, abnormal facies, thymic aplasia, cardiac defects, hypocalcemia microdeletion of 22q11 ` |
|
|
Fragile X syndrome
|
X linked defect
FMR1 gene trinucleotide repeat CGG 2nd MCC of genetic mental retardation CF: macrorchidism, long face, large jaw, autism, elevated ears, mitral valve prolapse |
|
|
what trisomy is Edward syndrome?
|
Trisomy 18
|
|
|
what is Patau's trisomy?
|
Trisomy 13
|
|
|
translocation 8:14
|
Burkhitt's lymphoma
|
|
|
translocation 11:14
|
mantle cell lymphoma
|
|
|
translocation 14:18
|
follicular lymphoma
-BCL2 expressoin |
|
|
TdT+ leukemia
|
ALL
|
|
|
CALLA + leukemia
|
ALL
|
|
|
translocation 12:21 is good prognostic factor in leukemia
|
ALL
|
|
|
PAS+ leukemia
|
ALL
|
|
|
smudge cells
|
CLL
|
|
|
translocation 15:17
|
AML
|
|
|
Auer rods
|
AML
|
|
|
PAS negative leukemia
|
AML
|
|
|
translocation 9:22
|
CML
|
|
|
Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia
|
CML
|
|
|
BCR-ABL fusion gene leukemia
|
CML
|
|
|
defect in frucotkinase
|
essential fructosuria
-benign/asymptomatic - S/S: fructose appears in blood and urine |
|
|
Deficiency in Aldose B
|
Fructose intolerance
- Fructose-1-phosphate accumulates - decreased phosphate - inhibition of Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis S/S: hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting tx: decrease intake of fructose and sucrose |
|
|
deficiency in Galactose kinase
|
Galactose kinase deficiency
- Galacticol accumulates if galactose present in diet - S/S: Galactose appears in blood and urine infantile cataracts: may first appear as failure to track objects or develop a social smile |
|
|
absence of Galactose-1-phosphate Uridlytransferase
|
Classic Galactosemia
- accumulation of toxic substances (Galacticol in lens) S/S: failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, infantile cataracts, mental retardation tx: exclude galactose and lactose from diet |
|
|
Lactose deficiency
|
age dependent/hereditary lactose intolerance
loss of brush border enzymes may follow gastroenteritis S/S: bloating, cramps, osmotic diarrhea |
|
|
name the developmental structure.
fetal placental structure that secretes hCG |
syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
maternal component of placenta
|
deciduia basalis
|
|
|
order the follow molecules by how much energy they contain that can be made into available fuel endergonic reactions:
pyruvate AMP Glucose Adenosine ATP |
Glucose
Pyruvate ATP AMP Adenosine |
|
|
what are the stages of an embryo between conception and inner cell mass?
|
zygote
morula blastocyst |
|
|
neural crest derivatives of the neural crest:
Peripheral nervous system |
ans
vagus sympathetic ganglion dorsal roots cranial nerves sensory nerves |
|
|
neural crest derivatives of the ear
|
bones of the inner ear
|
|
|
neural crest derivatives of the eye
|
anterior chamber, cornea, sclera, ciliary muscle, iris pigment
|
|
|
neural crest derivatives fo the adrenal gland
|
chromaffin cells of medulla
|
|
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neural crest derivatives of the mouth
|
odontoblast
|
|
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neural crest derivatives of the heart
|
aorticopulmonary septum
|
|
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neural crest derivatives of the digestive system
|
enteric nervous system
celiac ganglion enterochromatic cells |
|
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neural crest derivatives of the thyroid
|
parafollicular cells
|
|
|
neural crest derivatives of the skin
|
melanocytes
|
|
|
a patient with an aganglionic colon and other neural crest cell derivatives deficiencies
What other findings would you expect to see? |
deficiency of celiac ganglion
deficiency of enterochromaffin cells albinism dental abnormalities PNS abnormalities abnormalities of bones of the skull |
|
|
List as many drugs as you can that are contraindicated in pregnancy.
|
phenytoin
warfarin ACE-I Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines Alkylating agents Fluroquinolones Aminoglycosides DES Methotrexate Lithium thalidomide sulfonamides valproic acid |
|
|
during what weeks of fetal development does oranogenesis occur?
|
weeks 3-8
|
|
|
what is the relationship between the notochord, the neural plate, and neural tube, and the neural crest cells?
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Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate
Neural plate gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cells |
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embryonic origin of anterior pituitary
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surface ectoderm
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embryonic origin of cornea
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neural crest
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embryonic origin of lens
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surface ectoderm
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embryonic origin of olfactory epithelium
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surface ectoderm
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embryonic origin of mammary glands
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surface ectoderm
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embryonic origin of salivary glands
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surface ectoderm
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embryonic origin of sweat glands
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surface ectoderm
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what forms the nucleous pulposus of the intervertebral disk during development?
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notochord
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what is the embryonic origin of the tissue just above the pectinate line?
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endoderm
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what is the embryonic origin of the tissue just below the pectinate line?
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surface ectoderm
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what teratogenic effect might ACE-I cause?
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renal damage
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what teratogenic effect might aminoglycosides have?
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CN VIII toxicity
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what teratogenic effect might DES have?
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predisposes to vaginal clear cell carcinoma
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what teratogenic effect would tetracylcines have?
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discolor teeth
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what teratogenic effect would valproic acid have?
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inhibition of the maternal folate absorption > neural tube defects
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what vitamin should not be supplemented in large amounts during pregnancy?
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vitamin A
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what molecules provide the structural framework for DNA and nuclear envelope?
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nuclear lamins
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what must be present on a protein in order for that protein to gain entry into the nucleaus?
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nuclear localization signals: amino acid sequence of 4-8 amino acids: lysine, arginine, proline
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which type of proteins are responsible for fostering the progression through the cell cycle?
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cyclines
cyclin-dependent kinases |
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what cyclin-CDK complex assist in progression form G1-S phase?
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Cyclin D-CDK4
cyclin E-CDK2 > progression into S phase |
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which tumor suppressor proteins prevent the progression from G1-S phase?
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p53
Rb |
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which cycle-CDK complex assist in the progression from G2-M phase?
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Cyclin A-CDK2
Cyclin B-CDK1 |
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what is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?
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M phase
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what is I-cell disease?
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deficiency in mannose phosphorylation
NO mannose-6-phosphate to target lysosomal proteins > secretion out of cell instead of into lysosome death by age 8 CF: corneal clouding, coarse facial features, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted movements |
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what molecule targets proteins from the ER to lysosomes?
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mannose-6-phosphate
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what is deficient in I-cell disease?
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mannose phosphorylation
- failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins > enzymes are secreted outside of the cell instead of being targeted to the lysosome |
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what are the different methods that a cell uses to break down proteins?
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protease
calcium ubiquination mediated degradation |
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which cell types are rich in smooth ER?
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adrenal cortex
hepatocytes |
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which amino acids are found in nuclear localization signals?
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lysine
arginine proline |
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what is the most common cause of MR in infants?
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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how do Rb protein and p53 regulate the cell cycle?
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tumor suppressor genes
- regulate phase G1> S phase |
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intermediate filament Vimentin
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supports cellular membranes
keep certain organelles fixed in cytoplasm -structural component of connective tissue |
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intermediate filament: Desmin
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muscle cell
- smooth, skeletal, heart |
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intermediate filament: Cytokeratin
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epithelial cells
- keratin in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes |
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intermediate filament: GFAP
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astrocytes
schwann cells other neuroglia |
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intermediate filament: Peripherin
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neurons
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intermediate filament: Neurofilaments
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axons within neurons
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intermediate filament: nuclear lamins
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nuclear envelopes and DNA within
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what drug acts on microtubules?
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Mebendazole/thiabendazole: antihelminths
Greseofulvin: antifungal Vincristine/Vinblastine: anti-cancer Paclitaxel: anti-breast cancer Cochicine: anti-gout |
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what two fundamental substances are required to make most things work inside cell?
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ATP
Calcium |
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which organelle is responsible for breakdown of very long chain fatty acids?
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peroxisomes
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intermediate filament for connective tissue?
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Vimentin
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intermediate filament for muscle tissue?
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desmin
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intermediate filament for epithelial cells?
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cytokeratin
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intermediate filament for axons
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neurofilaments
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what are the defects seen in Kartanger's syndrome?
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immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect
male and females are infertile, bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, associated with sinus inversus |
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what arachodonic acid product increases bronchial tone?
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LTC4, D4, TXA2
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AA product decreased bronchial tone?
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PGI2, PGE2
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AA product increases platelet aggregation?
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TXA2
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AA product increased uterine tone?
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PGF2a
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AA product decreased uterine tone?
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PGI2
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AA product increased vascular tone?
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TXA2
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AA product decreased vascular tone?
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PGE2, PGI2
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what are the two most abundant substances in the plasma membrane?
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cholesterol
phospholipids |
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Corticosteroids action on AA pathway
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inhibits phospholipase A2
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NSAIDS, ASA, COX-2 inhibitors action on the AA pathway?
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inhibits cyclooxygenase
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Zileuton action on the AA pathway?
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inhibits Lipooxygenase
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Zarfalukast/Montelukast action on the AA pathway?
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inhibits LTC4, D4
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what protein is involved in transporting an endocytosed vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome?
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clatherin
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what drugs inhibit the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase?
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Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin)
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what drugs interfere with microtubule functions?
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Mebendazole
thiabendazole Griseofulvin Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxil Colchicine |
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which cell types are constantly regenerating themselves due to an absence of the G0 phase and a short G1 phase?
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Labile cells
- bone marrow - gut epithelium - skin/hair follicles |
