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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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longer refractory period=
absolute refractory period |
ventricle muscle
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2 types of refractory period
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1-absolute
2-relativ |
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absolute refractory period=
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another AP cant be elicited
no matter how large the stimulus |
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lenght of absolute refractoru period
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duratin of Na inactivation gate closure
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relative refractory period
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begins at end of absolute refractory period
continues until membrane poptential returns to rest |
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when can a second AP be elicited
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only if stimulus is larger than usual
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short refractory period
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skeletal muscles
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what can be stimulated to contract a 2nd time before they have relaxed from 1 contraction
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skeletal muscles
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3 cusps
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aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve tricuspid valve (right side) |
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atrial depolarization
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p wave
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ventricular repolarization
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t wave
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ventricular depolarization
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qrs
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first heart sound=
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AV closure at onset of
SYSTOLE |
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2ns heart sound
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semilunar valve closure at onset of
DYSTOLE |
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PARTIAL HEART BLOCK
second degree block |
P-QRS-T
=extra P waves |
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complete heart block
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P and QRS dissociated
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5.6 L
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CO per minute
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CO=
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SV X HR
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SV=
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end diastolic - end systolic
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70-80 ml
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SV
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BRAINBRIDGE REFLEX
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nervous reflex
-increase HR, CO |
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excess blood in right atrium
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Brainbridge reflex
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RA receptors are sensitive to
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pressure
stretch |
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isovolumic ventricular relaxation
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pulmonary/aortic valves CLOSE
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ventricular pressure decreases
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isovolumic ventricular relaxation
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isovolumeic ventricular contraction
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mitral/tricuspid valves CLOSE
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greates ventricular volume
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after atrial systole
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greatest ventricular pressure
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during ventricular ejection
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atrioventicular valve closure
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lub
1st heart sound |
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louder longer sound is when
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2nd heart sound
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ventricular systole starts
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1st heart sound
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ventricular dystole ends
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1st heart sound
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dub
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semilunar valve closure
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diastole begins
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2nd heart sound
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splitting of 2nd heart sound
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aortic close B4 pulmonary
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pacemaker
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sinoatrial node
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myocytes couples electrically thru
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gap jxns
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S-T segment
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ventricles depolarized
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P-R interval
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time btw atria and ventricle DEPOLARIZATION
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HR INCREASES...PR?
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P-R interval decreases
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Q-T interval
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time btw VENTRICLE depolarization and repolarization
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T wave
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ventricular depolarization
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right arm (-)
left arm (+) |
bipolar
limb lead= I |
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right arm (-)
left leg (+) |
bipolar
limb lead II |
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left arm (-)
left leg (+) |
bipolar
limb lead III |
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right arm (+)
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unipolar limb lead
AVR |
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left arm (+)
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unipolar limb lead
AVL |
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left leg (+)
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unipolar limb lead
AVF |
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venous return important determinate for
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CO
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demonstrates matching of
CO Venous return |
frank starling
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afterload
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mean arterial pressure
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decrease CO
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1-increase in TPR
2-increase in mean arterial blood pressure |
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pressure difference/
resistance |
flow
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greater the flow
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greater the pressure gradient
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decrease flow
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increase resistance
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less reistance
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larger the vessel
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radius is 2X
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resistance decrease by 16
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radius to the 4th power
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resistance=
viscosity of blood X length/ radius to the 4th power |
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most powerful factor in resistance
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radius
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what decreases venous return
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intrathoracic pressure
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greatest compliance
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veins
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veins regulated by
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sympathetic nervous sys
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decreased during exercise
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TPR
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lactate
k adenosine |
vasodilator metabolites
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why does mean arterial pressure rise during exercise
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CO greater than the decrease in TPR
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right vagus nerve
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SA node
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left vagus nerve
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AV node
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slowest rate of conduction
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AV node
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what arises in AV node
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bundle of his=
spreads depolarization |
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what cause venticles to depolarize
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purkinje fibers
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fibrous tissue flaps of endocardium
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atrioventricular valves
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open during ventricluar systole
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semilunar valves
1-pulmonary...right 2-aortic......left |
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open during ventricular systole
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tricuspid
mitral valve |
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drains into RA
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anterior cardiac vein
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all cardiac veins drain
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coronary sinus
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continuation of great cardiac vein
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coronary sinus
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tributaries of coronary sinus
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small/middle cardiac veins
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great cardiac vein accompanies
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anterior interventricular artery
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posterior interventricular artery accompanies
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middle cardiac vein (posterior)
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jxn of SA node =
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superior vena cava
right auricle |
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pacemaker
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SA node
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conducting system
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modified cardiac muscle
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parasympathetic to heart from
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vagus > slow down heart
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sympathetic from
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sympathetic trunk
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apex of heart
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left ventricle
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level of apex of heart
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left 5th intercostal space
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right atrium to left atrium
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foramen ovale
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endocardium >
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tunica intima of BV
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myocardium >
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tunica media of BV
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pericardium / epicardium >
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serous membrane
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epicardium covered
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simple squamous epi
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location of heart
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middle mediastinum
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largest artery in body
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aorta
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what returns blood from the myocardial capillaries > coronary sinus
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1-great cardiac vein
2-middle cardiac vein |
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largest venous passageway
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coronary sinus
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all cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus except
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anterior cardiac vein
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anterior cardiac vein >
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DIRECTLY dright atrium
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coronary sinus >
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right atrium
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apex of heart...heart valve
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mitral valve
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tricuspid valve heard...
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right of body of sternum
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pulmonary valve
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Left 2nd intercostal space
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apex of heart
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left 5th intercostal space
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aortic valve
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right 2nd intercostal space
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valve btw right atrium/right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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chordae tendinae a/w
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tricuspid
mitral valve (left) |
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pectinate muscles
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right atrium
inner surface |
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crista terminalis
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right atrial wall
-vertical muscular ridge |
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SA node located in
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crista terminalis
near opening of SVC |
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papillary muscles
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prevent cusp from being everted
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papillary muscle terminates
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tendinous cords
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systems of CAD
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angina
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inadequate BF thru blood vessels
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angina
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burnign pain
squeezing of substernal chest |
angina
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feel pain only when exercise
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chronic angina
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primary effect of CAD
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loss of oxygen
bc less blood to heart |
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cause of CAD
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atherosclerosis
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right coronary artery supplies
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blood from aorta
> right side of heart |
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heart
brain skeletal muscle |
CPK
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high CPK
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indicates injury/stress
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most deaths occur outside hospital due to
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arrhythmias
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angina pectoris pain relieved by
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rest
nitrates |
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after MI
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increase
-SGPT -SGOT -LDH -CK |
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infectious endocarditis
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strep viridans
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alpha hemolytic strep
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strep viridans
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heart muscle
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myocarditis
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lining of heart
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pericarditis
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hallmark of endocarditis
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fever
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splinter hemorrhage=small dark lines under fingernails
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endocarditis
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clumps of
bacteria fibrin cellular debris collect on heart valves |
vegetations
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